Target General Infomation
Target ID
T44068
Former ID
TTDS00036
Target Name
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor
Gene Name
ADRB1
Synonyms
Beta-1 adrenoceptor; Beta-1 adrenoreceptor; ADRB1
Target Type
Successful
Disease Angina pectoris; Hypertension [ICD9:413, 401; ICD10: I20, I10-I16]
Angina pectoris [ICD9: 413; ICD10: I20]
Acute supraventricular tachycardia [ICD9: 427.0, 427.89; ICD10: I47.1]
Allergy; Sepsis [ICD9:995.3, 995.91; ICD10: T78.4, A40, A41]
Bronchodilator [ICD9: 493; ICD10: J45]
Cardiac arrhythmias [ICD9: 427; ICD10: I47-I49]
Chronic open-angle glaucoma [ICD10: H40]
Chronic open-angle glaucoma; Ocular hypertension [ICD10: H40]
Central and peripheral nervous diseases [ICD10: G96.9]
Circulatory disorders [ICD10: I00-I99]
Coronary artery disease [ICD9: 410-414, 429.2; ICD10: I20-I25]
Diabetes [ICD9: 253.5, 588.1; ICD10: E23.2, N25.1]
Glaucoma [ICD9: 365; ICD10: H40-H42]
Hypertension; Ventricular premature beats [ICD10: I10-I16]
High blood pressure; Angina [ICD9: 401, 413; ICD10: I10, I11, I12, I13, I15, I20]
Hypertension [ICD9: 401; ICD10: I10-I16]
Hypertension; Angina [ICD9: 401, 413; ICD10: I10-I16, I20]
Hypertension; Heart arrhythmia [ICD9:401; ICD10: I10-I16, I47-I49]
High blood pressure [ICD9: 401; ICD10: I10-I16]
Heart failure; Cardiogenic shock [ICD9: 428.0, 785.51; ICD10: I50, R57.0]
Heart failure [ICD9: 428; ICD10: I50]
Hypertension; Angina pectoris [ICD9:401, 413; ICD10: I10-I16, I20]
Maintenance of normal sinus rhythm [ICD9: 427; ICD10: I46-I49]
Migraine [ICD9: 346; ICD10: G43]
Obesity [ICD9: 278; ICD10: E66]
Open-angle glaucoma [ICD9: 365; ICD10: H40-H42]
Open-angle glaucoma; Ocular hypertension [ICD9: 365, 365.04; ICD10: H40-H42, H40.0]
Septic shock; Neurogenic shock [ICD9: 785, 785.52; ICD10: R57.8, R65.21]
Ventricular fibrillation [ICD10: I49.01]
Function
Beta-adrenergic receptors mediatethe catecholamine- induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. This receptor binds epinephrine and norepinephrine with approximately equal affinity. Mediates Ras activation through G(s)-alpha- and cAMP-mediated signaling.
BioChemical Class
GPCR rhodopsin
Target Validation
T44068
UniProt ID
Sequence
MGAGVLVLGASEPGNLSSAAPLPDGAATAARLLVPASPPASLLPPASESPEPLSQQWTAG
MGLLMALIVLLIVAGNVLVIVAIAKTPRLQTLTNLFIMSLASADLVMGLLVVPFGATIVV
WGRWEYGSFFCELWTSVDVLCVTASIETLCVIALDRYLAITSPFRYQSLLTRARARGLVC
TVWAISALVSFLPILMHWWRAESDEARRCYNDPKCCDFVTNRAYAIASSVVSFYVPLCIM
AFVYLRVFREAQKQVKKIDSCERRFLGGPARPPSPSPSPVPAPAPPPGPPRPAAAAATAP
LANGRAGKRRPSRLVALREQKALKTLGIIMGVFTLCWLPFFLANVVKAFHRELVPDRLFV
FFNWLGYANSAFNPIIYCRSPDFRKAFQRLLCCARRAARRRHATHGDRPRASGCLARPGP
PPSPGAASDDDDDDVVGATPPARLLEPWAGCNGGAAADSDSSLDEPCRPGFASESKV
Structure
2LSQ
Drugs and Mode of Action
Drug(s) Acebutolol Drug Info Approved Hypertension; Ventricular premature beats [1]
Ajmalicine Drug Info Approved Circulatory disorders [1]
Anisodamine Drug Info Approved Central and peripheral nervous diseases [1]
Anisodine Drug Info Approved Central and peripheral nervous diseases [1]
Arbutamine Drug Info Approved Coronary artery disease [2]
Atenolol Drug Info Approved Hypertension [3], [4]
Betaxolol Drug Info Approved Hypertension [5], [6]
Bethanidine Drug Info Approved Hypertension; Heart arrhythmia [7], [8], [1]
Bisoprolol Drug Info Approved Hypertension [5], [9]
Bretylium Drug Info Approved Ventricular fibrillation [1]
Carteolol Drug Info Approved Glaucoma [1]
Dipivefrin Drug Info Approved Chronic open-angle glaucoma [1]
Dobutamine Drug Info Approved Heart failure; Cardiogenic shock [10], [11]
Epinephrine Drug Info Approved Allergy; Sepsis [12], [1], [13]
Esmolol Drug Info Approved Acute supraventricular tachycardia [5], [14]
Levobetaxolol Drug Info Approved Chronic open-angle glaucoma; Ocular hypertension [1]
Levobunolol Drug Info Approved Open-angle glaucoma [5], [15]
Metipranolol Drug Info Approved Open-angle glaucoma; Ocular hypertension [16], [17], [1]
Metoprolol Drug Info Approved Angina pectoris; Hypertension [18], [19], [20]
Nadolol Drug Info Approved High blood pressure; Angina [21], [22]
Nebivolol Drug Info Approved Hypertension [5], [23]
Norepinephrine Drug Info Approved Septic shock; Neurogenic shock [24], [25]
Oxprenolol Drug Info Approved Angina pectoris; Hypertension [26], [27], [28], [29]
Penbutolol Drug Info Approved Hypertension; Angina pectoris [30], [31], [1]
Pindolol Drug Info Approved Hypertension; Angina [32], [33]
Practolol Drug Info Approved Cardiac arrhythmias [34], [35]
Propranolol Drug Info Approved Migraine [36], [37]
Protokylol Hydrochloride Drug Info Approved Bronchodilator [1]
Sotalol Drug Info Approved Maintenance of normal sinus rhythm [38], [39]
Timolol Drug Info Approved High blood pressure [40], [41]
BRL 35135 Drug Info Phase 2 Diabetes [42], [43]
BUCINDOLOL Drug Info Phase 2 Hypertension [44]
COR-1 Drug Info Phase 2 Heart failure [45]
L-796568 Drug Info Phase 1 Obesity [46]
YM-16151-4 Drug Info Phase 1 Hypertension [47]
Alprenolol Drug Info Withdrawn from market Hypertension [48], [49]
Cetamolol Drug Info Terminated Angina pectoris [50]
L-755507 Drug Info Terminated Discovery agent [51], [52]
Inhibitor (+/-)-nantenine Drug Info [53]
(R,R)-(-)-fenoterol Drug Info [54]
(R,S)-(-)-fenoterol Drug Info [54]
1-(1H-Indol-4-yloxy)-3-phenethylamino-propan-2-ol Drug Info [55]
1-(2-allylphenoxy)-3-morpholinopropan-2-ol Drug Info [56]
1-(2-isopropylphenoxy)-3-morpholinopropan-2-ol Drug Info [56]
4-(4-butylpiperidin-1-yl)-1-o-tolylbutan-1-one Drug Info [57]
CGP-12177A Drug Info [58]
DICHLOROISOPROTERENOL Drug Info [59]
L-755507 Drug Info [58]
L-796568 Drug Info [60]
Antagonist Acebutolol Drug Info [61], [62]
Alprenolol Drug Info [63], [64]
Atenolol Drug Info [61], [62]
Betaxolol Drug Info [65], [66]
Bethanidine Drug Info [67]
Bisoprolol Drug Info [68], [69]
Bretylium Drug Info [70], [71]
Cebutolol Drug Info [62]
CGP 20712A Drug Info [72]
CGP 26505 Drug Info [73]
COR-1 Drug Info [45]
Dipivefrin Drug Info [74]
Esmolol Drug Info [75]
Levobetaxolol Drug Info [76]
Levobunolol Drug Info [77]
Metipranolol Drug Info [78]
Metoprolol Drug Info [79], [61], [62]
Nebivolol Drug Info [80]
Oxprenolol Drug Info [61]
Penbutolol Drug Info [81], [82]
Pindolol Drug Info [83]
Practolol Drug Info [84], [34]
Propranolol Drug Info [85]
Sotalol Drug Info [86]
Timolol Drug Info [87], [88], [89]
Modulator Ajmalicine Drug Info [90]
Anisodamine Drug Info [90]
Anisodine Drug Info [90]
BUCINDOLOL Drug Info
Cetamolol Drug Info [45], [91]
Nadolol Drug Info [92]
Protokylol Hydrochloride Drug Info
YM-16151-4 Drug Info [47]
Stimulator Arbutamine Drug Info [93]
Norepinephrine Drug Info [94]
Agonist BRL 35135 Drug Info [95]
Carazolol Drug Info [62]
Carteolol Drug Info [96], [97]
Dobutamine Drug Info [98], [69]
Epinephrine Drug Info [99]
Isoprenaline Drug Info [62]
Noradrenaline Drug Info [100]
Pathways
KEGG Pathway Calcium signaling pathway
cGMP-PKG signaling pathway
cAMP signaling pathway
Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction
Endocytosis
Adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes
Gap junction
Salivary secretion
Dilated cardiomyopathy
PANTHER Pathway Heterotrimeric G-protein signaling pathway-Gi alpha and Gs alpha mediated pathway
Beta1 adrenergic receptor signaling pathway
PathWhiz Pathway Muscle/Heart Contraction
Reactome Adrenoceptors
G alpha (s) signalling events
WikiPathways Monoamine GPCRs
Calcium Regulation in the Cardiac Cell
GPCRs, Class A Rhodopsin-like
Endothelin Pathways
GPCR ligand binding
GPCR downstream signaling
References
REF 1Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015
REF 2Drug information of Arbutamine, 2008. eduDrugs.
REF 3FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (ANDA) 072303.
REF 4(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 548).
REF 5Natural products as sources of new drugs over the last 25 years. J Nat Prod. 2007 Mar;70(3):461-77. Epub 2007 Feb 20.
REF 6(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 549).
REF 7Antiarrhythmic, antifibrillatory, and hemodynamic actions of bethanidine sulfate: an orally effective analog of bretylium for suppression of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Am J Cardiol. 1982 Oct;50(4):728-34.
REF 8(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7618).
REF 9(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7129).
REF 10FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (ANDA) 074086.
REF 11(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 535).
REF 12(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 509).
REF 13Drug information of Epinephrine, 2008. eduDrugs.
REF 14(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7178).
REF 15(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 570).
REF 16FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (ANDA) 075720.
REF 17(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7239).
REF 18Metoprolol: a review of its use in chronic heart failure. Drugs. 2000 Sep;60(3):647-78.
REF 19The effect of food on the relative bioavailability of rapidly dissolving immediate-release solid oral products containing highly soluble drugs. Mol Pharm. 2004 Sep-Oct;1(5):357-62.
REF 20(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 553).
REF 21FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (ANDA) 074229.
REF 22(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 554).
REF 23(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7246).
REF 24(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 505).
REF 25FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (ANDA) 040455.
REF 26The beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptor stimulatory effects of alprenolol, oxprenolol and pindolol: a study in the isolated right atrium and uterus of the rat. Br J Pharmacol. 1986 Apr;87(4):657-64.
REF 27Controlled evaluation of the beta adrenoceptor blocking drug oxprenolol in anxiety. Med J Aust. 1976 Jun 12;1(24):909-12.
REF 28FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (NDA) 018166.
REF 29(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7255).
REF 30Penbutolol and carteolol: two new beta-adrenergic blockers with partial agonism. J Clin Pharmacol. 1990 May;30(5):412-21.
REF 31(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7263).
REF 32Report of the Canadian Hypertension Society Consensus Conference: 3. Pharmacologic treatment of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. CMAJ. 1997 Nov 1;157(9):1245-54.
REF 33(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 91).
REF 34Prostaglandin E2 synthesis elicited by adrenergic stimuli in guinea pig trachea is mediated primarily via activation of beta 2 adrenergic receptors. Prostaglandins. 1992 Nov;44(5):399-412.
REF 35(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 555).
REF 36Emerging drugs for complications of end-stage liver disease. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2008 Mar;13(1):159-74.
REF 37(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7596).
REF 38New antiarrhythmic agents for atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2005 May;10(2):311-22.
REF 39(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7297).
REF 40Brinzolamide/timolol fixed combination: a new ocular suspension for the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2009 Aug;10(12):2015-24.
REF 41(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 565).
REF 42Acute effects of the beta 3-adrenoceptor agonist, BRL 35135, on tissue glucose utilisation. Br J Pharmacol. 1995 Feb;114(4):888-94.
REF 43Biphasic effects of the beta-adrenoceptor agonist, BRL 37344, on glucose utilization in rat isolated skeletal muscle. Br J Pharmacol. 1996 Mar;117(6):1355-61.
REF 44ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01970501) Genetically Targeted Therapy for the Prevention of Symptomatic Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Heart Failure. U.S. National Institutes of Health.
REF 45Administration of the cyclic peptide COR-1 in humans (phase I study): ex vivo measurements of anti-beta1-adrenergic receptor antibody neutralization and of immune parameters. Eur J Heart Fail. 2012 Nov;14(11):1230-9.
REF 46Effect of a 28-d treatment with L-796568, a novel beta(3)-adrenergic receptor agonist, on energy expenditure and body composition in obese men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Oct;76(4):780-8.
REF 47Antianginal effects of YM-16151-4 in various experimental angina models. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1993 May;21(5):701-8.
REF 48(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 563).
REF 49Drug information of Alprenolol, 2008. eduDrugs.
REF 50Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800000160)
REF 51(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 3931).
REF 52Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800008526)
REF 53Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2010 Jan 15;20(2):628-31. Epub 2009 Nov 20.Synthetic studies and pharmacological evaluations on the MDMA ('Ecstasy') antagonist nantenine.
REF 54J Med Chem. 2007 Jun 14;50(12):2903-15. Epub 2007 May 17.Comparative molecular field analysis of the binding of the stereoisomers of fenoterol and fenoterol derivatives to the beta2 adrenergic receptor.
REF 55J Med Chem. 1986 Aug;29(8):1524-7.Synthesis and beta-adrenergic receptor blocking potency of 1-(substituted amino)-3-(4-indolyloxy)propan-2-ols.
REF 56Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2010 Jun 1;20(11):3399-404. Epub 2010 Apr 9.A vHTS approach for the identification of beta-adrenoceptor ligands.
REF 57J Med Chem. 2010 Sep 9;53(17):6386-97.Discovery of N-{1-[3-(3-oxo-2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]oxazin-4-yl)propyl]piperidin-4-yl}-2-phenylacetamide (Lu AE51090): an allosteric muscarinic M1 receptor agonist with unprecedented selectivity and procognitive potential.
REF 58J Med Chem. 2001 Apr 26;44(9):1456-66.(4-Piperidin-1-yl)phenyl amides: potent and selective human beta(3) agonists.
REF 59J Med Chem. 1994 May 13;37(10):1518-25.The [(methyloxy)imino]methyl moiety as a bioisoster of aryl. A novel class of completely aliphatic beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists.
REF 60Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2010 Mar 15;20(6):1895-9. Epub 2010 Feb 4.Heterocyclic acetamide and benzamide derivatives as potent and selective beta3-adrenergic receptor agonists with improved rodent pharmacokinetic profiles.
REF 61Prediction and experimental validation of acute toxicity of beta-blockers in Ceriodaphnia dubia. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2005 Oct;24(10):2470-6.
REF 62Current therapeutic uses and potential of beta-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1998 Feb;53(6):389-404.
REF 63Inverse agonist activities of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists in rat myocardium. Br J Pharmacol. 1999 Jun;127(4):895-902.
REF 64Beta-blockers alprenolol and carvedilol stimulate beta-arrestin-mediated EGFR transactivation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Sep 23;105(38):14555-60. Epub 2008 Sep 11.
REF 65Betaxolol, a beta(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist, reduces Na(+) influx into cortical synaptosomes by direct interaction with Na(+) channels: comparison with other beta-adrenoceptor antagonists. Br J Pharmacol. 2000 Jun;130(4):759-66.
REF 66beta-adrenergic enhancement of brain kynurenic acid production mediated via cAMP-related protein kinase A signaling. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2009 Apr 30;33(3):519-29. Epub 2009 Feb 12.
REF 67Withdrawal syndromes and the cessation of antihypertensive therapy. Arch Intern Med. 1981 Aug;141(9):1125-7.
REF 68Antiarrhythmic effect of bisoprolol, a highly selective beta1-blocker, in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Int Heart J. 2008 May;49(3):281-93.
REF 69Autoimmunity in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Characterization of antibodies against the beta 1-adrenoceptor with positive chronotropic effect. Circulation. 1994 Jun;89(6):2760-7.
REF 70Dissociation of autonomic controls of heart rate in weaning-aged borderline hypertensive rats by perinatal NaCl. J Auton Nerv Syst. 1990 Mar;29(3):219-26.
REF 71Components of functional sympathetic control of heart rate in neonatal rats. Am J Physiol. 1985 May;248(5 Pt 2):R601-10.
REF 72Distribution of beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptor subtypes in various mouse tissues. Neurosci Lett. 1993 Sep 17;160(1):96-100.
REF 73Uptake of radioligands by rat heart and lung in vivo: CGP 12177 does and CGP 26505 does not reflect binding to beta-adrenoceptors. Eur J Pharmacol. 1992 Nov 3;222(1):107-12.
REF 74Contractile response of the isolated trabecular meshwork and ciliary muscle to cholinergic and adrenergic agents. Ger J Ophthalmol. 1996 May;5(3):146-53.
REF 75Beta-1 selective adrenergic antagonist landiolol and esmolol can be safely used in patients with airway hyperreactivity. Heart Lung. 2009 Jan-Feb;38(1):48-55. Epub 2008 Sep 11.
REF 76Binding affinities of ocular hypotensive beta-blockers levobetaxolol, levobunolol, and timolol at endogenous guinea pig beta-adrenoceptors. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2004 Apr;20(2):93-9.
REF 77Binding of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists to rat and rabbit lung: special reference to levobunolol. Arzneimittelforschung. 1984;34(5):579-84.
REF 78Invited review: Neuroprotective properties of certain beta-adrenoceptor antagonists used for the treatment of glaucoma. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2005 Jun;21(3):175-81.
REF 79Knockouts model the 100 best-selling drugs--will they model the next 100? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2003 Jan;2(1):38-51.
REF 80Nitric oxide mechanisms of nebivolol. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis. 2009 Aug;3(4):317-27. Epub 2009 May 14.
REF 81beta-Adrenergic receptor blockers--a group of chiral drugs: different effects of each enantiomer. Ceska Slov Farm. 2002 May;51(3):121-8.
REF 82Decrease in penbutolol central response as a cause of changes in its serum protein binding. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1990 Mar;42(3):164-6.
REF 83Are we misunderstanding beta-blockers. Int J Cardiol. 2007 Aug 9;120(1):10-27. Epub 2007 Apr 12.
REF 84TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5.
REF 85Beta-blockers in the treatment of hypertension: are there clinically relevant differences? Postgrad Med. 2009 May;121(3):90-8.
REF 86beta(2)-adrenoceptors are critical for antidepressant treatment of neuropathic pain. Ann Neurol. 2009 Feb;65(2):218-25.
REF 87Blockade of beta-adrenergic receptors prevents amphetamine-induced behavioural sensitization in rats: a putative role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005 Dec;8(4):569-81. Epub 2005 Apr 19.
REF 88Topical dorzolamide 2%/timolol 0.5% ophthalmic solution: a review of its use in the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Drugs Aging. 2006;23(12):977-95.
REF 89A prospective study of the effects of prolonged timolol therapy on alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor and angiotensin II receptor mediated responses in normal subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1997 Mar;43(3):301-8.
REF 90Medicinal plants in therapy. Bull World Health Organ. 1985;63(6):965-81.
REF 91Comparison of the beta-adrenoceptor affinity and selectivity of cetamolol, atenolol, betaxolol, and ICI-118,551. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1988 Aug;12(2):208-17.
REF 92Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.
REF 93Characterization of the adrenergic activity of arbutamine, a novel agent for pharmacological stress testing. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1996 Mar;10(1):39-47.
REF 94Impact of exogenous beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation on hepatosplanchnic oxygen kinetics and metabolic activity in septic shock. Crit Care Med. 1999 Feb;27(2):325-31.
REF 95Clinical pharmacology of beta 3-adrenoceptors. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1996 Sep;42(3):291-300.
REF 96Partial agonistic effects of carteolol on atypical beta-adrenoceptors in the guinea pig gastric fundus. Jpn J Pharmacol. 2000 Nov;84(3):287-92.
REF 97Effects of prolonged treatment with beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, carteolol on systemic and regional hemodynamics in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Pharmacobiodyn. 1991 Feb;14(2):94-100.
REF 98Beta-adrenoceptor alterations coupled with secretory response and experimental periodontitis in rat submandibular glands. Arch Oral Biol. 2008 Jun;53(6):509-16. Epub 2008 Feb 13.
REF 99Adrenergic activation of electrogenic K+ secretion in guinea pig distal colonic epithelium: involvement of beta1- and beta2-adrenergic receptors. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2009 Aug;297(2):G269-77. Epub 2009 May 21.
REF 100Classification of the beta-adrenoceptor subtype in the rat portal vein: effect of altered thyroid hormone levels. Eur J Pharmacol. 1992 Mar 3;212(2-3):201-7.

If You Find Any Error in Data or Bug in Web Service, Please Kindly Report It to Dr. Zhou and Dr. Zhang.