Target Information

Target General Infomation
Target ID
T87024
Former ID
TTDC00180
Target Name
Amyloid beta A4 protein
Gene Name
APP
Synonyms
ABPP; APPI; Alzheimer's disease amyloid protein; Amyloid beta precursor protein; Amyloid precursor protein; Beta-amyloid peptide; CVAP; Cerebral vascular amyloidpeptide; Gamma-Secretase; PN-II; PreA4; Protease nexin-II; Vascular beta-amyloid; APP
Target Type
Successful
Disease Alzheimer disease [ICD9: 331; ICD10: G30]
Age related macular degeneration [ICD9: 362.5; ICD10: H35.3]
Amyloidosis [ICD9: 277.3; ICD10: E85]
Brain injury [ICD10: S09.90]
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy [ICD10: I68.0]
Cancer [ICD9: 140-229; ICD10: C00-C96]
Diagnostic imaging [ICD9: 331; ICD10: G30, I73.9]
Glioma [ICD9: 191; ICD10: C71]
Geographic retinal atrophy; Macular degeneration [ICD9:362.5; ICD10: H35.3]
Mild cognitive impairment [ICD9: 331.83; ICD10: F06.7]
Mild to moderate alzheimer disease [ICD9: 331; ICD10: G30]
Neurological disease [ICD9: 338, 338.2, 410, 782.3,780; ICD10: I21, I22, R52, R52.1-R52.2, R60.9, G89]
Unspecified [ICD code not available]
Function
Essential subunit of the gamma-secretase complex, an endoprotease complex that catalyzes the intramembrane cleavage of integral proteins such as Notch receptors and APP (beta-amyloid precursor protein). It probably representsa stabilizing cofactor for the presenilin homodimer that promotes the formation of a stable complex.
BioChemical Class
Peptidase
Target Validation
T87024
UniProt ID
P05067
Sequence
MLPGLALLLLAAWTARALEVPTDGNAGLLAEPQIAMFCGRLNMHMNVQNGKWDSDPSGTK
TCIDTKEGILQYCQEVYPELQITNVVEANQPVTIQNWCKRGRKQCKTHPHFVIPYRCLVG
EFVSDALLVPDKCKFLHQERMDVCETHLHWHTVAKETCSEKSTNLHDYGMLLPCGIDKFR
GVEFVCCPLAEESDNVDSADAEEDDSDVWWGGADTDYADGSEDKVVEVAEEEEVAEVEEE
EADDDEDDEDGDEVEEEAEEPYEEATERTTSIATTTTTTTESVEEVVREVCSEQAETGPC
RAMISRWYFDVTEGKCAPFFYGGCGGNRNNFDTEEYCMAVCGSAMSQSLLKTTQEPLARD
PVKLPTTAASTPDAVDKYLETPGDENEHAHFQKAKERLEAKHRERMSQVMREWEEAERQA
KNLPKADKKAVIQHFQEKVESLEQEAANERQQLVETHMARVEAMLNDRRRLALENYITAL
QAVPPRPRHVFNMLKKYVRAEQKDRQHTLKHFEHVRMVDPKKAAQIRSQVMTHLRVIYER
MNQSLSLLYNVPAVAEEIQDEVDELLQKEQNYSDDVLANMISEPRISYGNDALMPSLTET
KTTVELLPVNGEFSLDDLQPWHSFGADSVPANTENEVEPVDARPAADRGLTTRPGSGLTN
IKTEEISEVKMDAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKGAIIGLMVGGVVIATVIVITL
VMLKKKQYTSIHHGVVEVDAAVTPEERHLSKMQQNGYENPTYKFFEQMQN
Drugs and Mode of Action
Drug(s) Florbetapir F-18 Drug Info Approved Diagnostic imaging [532210]
Bapineuzumab Drug Info Phase 3 Alzheimer disease [532639], [541974]
BIIB037 Drug Info Phase 3 Alzheimer disease [525246]
Curcumin Drug Info Phase 3 Cancer [532348], [542031]
NI-101 Drug Info Phase 3 Alzheimer disease [525246], [543075]
Solanezumab Drug Info Phase 3 Alzheimer disease [524370], [541976]
Tramiprosate Drug Info Phase 3 Alzheimer disease [521823]
CAD-106 Drug Info Phase 2/3 Alzheimer disease [525332]
AN-1792 Drug Info Phase 2 Alzheimer disease [521492]
BAN2401 Drug Info Phase 2 Alzheimer disease [524187]
Crenezumab Drug Info Phase 2 Alzheimer disease [523453], [541978]
ELND005 Drug Info Phase 2 Mild to moderate alzheimer disease [524184]
FRM-0962 Drug Info Phase 2 Alzheimer disease [550787]
GSK933776 Drug Info Phase 2 Geographic retinal atrophy; Macular degeneration [523450]
GSK933776A Drug Info Phase 2 Alzheimer disease [548646]
NIC5-15 Drug Info Phase 2 Alzheimer disease [524412]
Ponezumab Drug Info Phase 2 Alzheimer disease [524248]
UB-311 Drug Info Phase 2 Alzheimer disease [525319]
ACI-24 Drug Info Phase 1/2 Alzheimer disease [548977]
11C-6-Me-BTA-1 Drug Info Phase 1 Alzheimer disease [525385]
11C-AZD-2184 Drug Info Phase 1 Alzheimer disease [522574]
AAB-003/PF-05236812 Drug Info Phase 1 Alzheimer disease [523505]
AD-03 Drug Info Phase 1 Alzheimer disease [549226]
Affitope AD-01 Drug Info Phase 1 Alzheimer disease [522053]
ALZ-801 Drug Info Phase 1 Alzheimer disease [549542]
Anti-N3pG-Abeta antibody Drug Info Phase 1 Alzheimer disease [524268]
DWP-09031 Drug Info Phase 1 Alzheimer disease [523784]
V-950 Drug Info Phase 1 Alzheimer disease [548699]
AAB-002 Drug Info Phase 0 Alzheimer disease [548360]
NN-818 Drug Info Preclinical Brain injury [547965]
Pepticlere Drug Info Preclinical Alzheimer disease [548270]
Affitope AD-02 Drug Info Discontinued in Phase 2 Alzheimer disease [548819]
RN6G Drug Info Discontinued in Phase 2 Age related macular degeneration [549021]
PF-05236812 Drug Info Discontinued in Phase 1 Alzheimer disease [548953]
Inhibitor 1,6-bis(4'-aminophenyl)-hexa-1,3,5-triene Drug Info [528161]
1,6-bis(4'-dimethylaminophenyl)-hexa-1,3,5-triene Drug Info [528161]
1,6-Bis(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-hexa-1,3,5-triene Drug Info [528161]
1,6-bis(4'-methylaminophenyl)-hexa-1,3,5-triene Drug Info [528161]
1,6-bis(4'-nitrophenyl)-hexa-1,3,5-triene Drug Info [528161]
2,5-bis(2-methoxyphenyl)thiophene Drug Info [527907]
2,5-bis(4-Hydroxyphenyl)thiophene Drug Info [527907]
2,5-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)thiophene Drug Info [527907]
2,5-bis(4-nitrophenyl)thiophene Drug Info [527907]
2-(4-(methylamino)phenyl)benzo[d]thiazol-6-ol Drug Info [528161]
2-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)thiophene Drug Info [527907]
4-(5-(4-(methylamino)phenyl)thiophen-2-yl)phenol Drug Info [527907]
4-(5-(4-aminophenyl)thiophen-2-yl)benzenamine Drug Info [527907]
4-(5-(4-aminophenyl)thiophen-2-yl)phenol Drug Info [527907]
4-(5-(4-methoxyphenyl)thiophen-2-yl)benzenamine Drug Info [527907]
4-(5-(4-methoxyphenyl)thiophen-2-yl)phenol Drug Info [527907]
5-hydroxy-2-(4-aminophenyl)benzofuran Drug Info [528159]
5-hydroxy-2-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)benzofuran Drug Info [528159]
5-hydroxy-2-(4-methylaminophenyl)benzofuran Drug Info [528159]
5-methoxy-2-(4-aminophenyl)benzofuran Drug Info [528159]
5-methoxy-2-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)benzofuran Drug Info [528159]
5-methoxy-2-(4-methylaminophenyl)benzofuran Drug Info [528159]
6-iodo-4'-dimethyaminoflavone Drug Info [527855]
6-iodo-4'-hydroxyflavone Drug Info [527855]
6-iodo-4'-methoxyflavone Drug Info [527855]
6-iodo-4'-methylaminoflavone Drug Info [527855]
A-887755 Drug Info [543619]
Abloid Drug Info [543619]
ACI-636 Drug Info [543619]
ALZ-801 Drug Info [550240]
AN-1792 Drug Info [528396]
ANA-1 Drug Info [543619]
ANA-5 Drug Info [543619]
Anticalin Drug Info [543619]
ARC-069 Drug Info [543619]
ARN-2966 Drug Info [543619]
AZ4800 Drug Info [531800]
Chrysamine -G Drug Info [528454]
CT-003230 Drug Info [543619]
Curcumin Drug Info [528454]
DBT-1339 Drug Info [543619]
DEHYDROZINGERONE Drug Info [528454]
DWP-09031 Drug Info [543619]
ELND-007 Drug Info [551654]
Gamma secretase inhibitors Drug Info [543619]
KMS-88009 Drug Info [543619]
Methionine Sulfoxide Drug Info [551374]
NIC5-15 Drug Info [532998]
Pepticlere Drug Info [550355]
PF-05236812 Drug Info [544313]
RN6G Drug Info [544404]
SB-13 Drug Info [528161]
SEM-606 Drug Info [543619]
SEN-1500 Drug Info [543619]
SP-08 Drug Info [543619]
SR-973 Drug Info [528025]
Systebryl Drug Info [543619]
Turmeric extracts Drug Info [543619]
VK-11 Drug Info [543619]
VK-12 Drug Info [543619]
Modulator 11C-6-Me-BTA-1 Drug Info [529223]
123I-DRM-106 Drug Info [543619]
18F-AV-45 dimer Drug Info [543619]
AAB-002 Drug Info [543619]
AAB-003/PF-05236812 Drug Info [543619]
AS-602704 Drug Info
BAN-2203 Drug Info [543619]
BAN2401 Drug Info [532910]
Beta amyloid lowering agents Drug Info [543619]
BIIB037 Drug Info [544313]
Crenezumab Drug Info [543619]
EDN-OL1 Drug Info [543619]
ELND005 Drug Info [531622]
Florbetapir F-18 Drug Info [551871]
FRM-0962 Drug Info [551214]
Gamma-secretase modulators Drug Info [543619]
GSK933776 Drug Info [544153]
GSK933776A Drug Info [544349]
NN-818 Drug Info [543619]
PA-1637 Drug Info [543619]
Solanezumab Drug Info [532638]
TKP-1001 Drug Info [543619]
UB-311 Drug Info [544391]
Binder 11C-AZD-2184 Drug Info [544299]
Agonist CD45RB Drug Info [543619]
Antagonist Tramiprosate Drug Info [528183]
Target Expression Profile (TEP) and Drug Resistance Mutation (DRM)
TEP EXP Info
Pathways
KEGG Pathway Notch signaling pathway
Alzheimer&#039
s disease
Reactome Nuclear signaling by ERBB4
Degradation of the extracellular matrix
Regulated proteolysis of p75NTR
NRIF signals cell death from the nucleus
Activated NOTCH1 Transmits Signal to the Nucleus
Constitutive Signaling by NOTCH1 PEST Domain Mutants
Constitutive Signaling by NOTCH1 HD+PEST Domain Mutants
EPH-ephrin mediated repulsion of cells
WikiPathways Notch Signaling Pathway
Signaling by ERBB4
Signaling by NOTCH3
Signaling by NOTCH4
Signaling by NOTCH1
Signaling by NOTCH2
Notch Signaling Pathway
Alzheimers Disease
Signalling by NGF
References
Ref 521492ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00021723) Randomized Safety, Tolerability and Pilot Efficacy of AN-1792 in Alzheimer's Disease. U.S. National Institutes of Health.
Ref 521823ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00314912) Open-Label Extension of the Phase III Study With Tramiprosate (3APS) in Patients With Mild to Moderate Alzheimer's Disease. U.S. National Institutes of Health.
Ref 522053ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00495417) Tolerability and Safety of Subcutaneous Administration of Affitope AD01 in Mild to Moderate Alzheimer's Disease. U.S. National Institutes of Health.
Ref 522574ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00838877) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Study With [18F]AZD4694 and [11C]AZD2184, Candidate PET Ligands for A??Amyloid. U.S. National Institutes of Health.
Ref 523450ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01342926) Clinical Study to Investigate Safety and Efficacy of GSK933776 in Adult Patients With Geographic Atrophy Secondary to Age-related Macular Degeneration. U.S. National Institutes of Health.
Ref 523453ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01343966) A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of MABT5102A in Patients With Mild to Moderate Alzheimer's Disease (ABBY). U.S. National Institutes of Health.
Ref 523505ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01369225) Open Label Extension Study Evaluating Safety and Tolerability of AAB-003 (PF-05236812) in Subject With Mild to Moderate Alzheimer's Disease. U.S. National Institutes of Health.
Ref 523784ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01522586) Clinical Trial to Investigate the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of DWP09031. U.S. National Institutes of Health.
Ref 524184ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01766336) A 36-Week Safety Extension Study of ELND005 as a Treatment for Agitation and Aggression in Alzheimer's Disease. U.S. National Institutes of Health.
Ref 524187ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01767311) A Study to Evaluate Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of BAN2401 in Subjects With Early Alzheimer's Disease. U.S. National Institutes of Health.
Ref 524248ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01821118) Study Evaluating the Safety,Tolerability and Efficacy of PF-04360365 in Adults With Probable Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy. U.S. National Institutes of Health.
Ref 524268ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01837641) A Study of LY3002813 in Participants With Alzheimer's Disease. U.S. National Institutes of Health.
Ref 524370ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01900665) Progress of Mild Alzheimer's Disease in Participants on Solanezumab Versus Placebo. U.S. National Institutes of Health.
Ref 524412ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01928420) A Single Site, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo Controlled Trial of NIC5-15 in Subjects With Alzheimer's Disease. U.S. National Institutes of Health.
Ref 525246ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02484547) 221AD302 Phase 3 Study of Aducanumab (BIIB037) in Early Alzheimer's Disease.
Ref 525319ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02551809) Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Immunogenicity and Efficacy of UB-311 in Mild Alzheimer's Disease (AD) Patients.
Ref 525332ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02565511) A Study of CAD106 and CNP520 Versus Placebo in Participants at Risk for the Onset of Clinical Symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease.
Ref 525385List of drugs in development for neurodegenerative diseases: update October 2011. Neurodegener Dis. 2012;9(4):210-83.
Ref 532210Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2013 Feb;12(2):87-90.
Ref 532348Nanocurcumin: a promising therapeutic advancement over native curcumin. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 2013;30(4):331-68.
Ref 532639Two phase 3 trials of bapineuzumab in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med. 2014 Jan 23;370(4):322-33.
Ref 541974(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6930).
Ref 541976(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6932).
Ref 541978(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6934).
Ref 542031(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7000).
Ref 543075(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 8325).
Ref 547965Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800020811)
Ref 548270Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800023984)
Ref 548360Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800024936)
Ref 548646Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800027328)
Ref 548699Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800027767)
Ref 548819Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800029150)
Ref 548953Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800030748)
Ref 548977Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800031074)
Ref 549021Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800031573)
Ref 549226Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800033932)
Ref 549542Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800040203)
Ref 550787Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of Forum pharmaceuticals.
Ref 527855J Med Chem. 2005 Nov 17;48(23):7253-60.Radioiodinated flavones for in vivo imaging of beta-amyloid plaques in the brain.
Ref 527907Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2006 Mar 1;16(5):1350-2. Epub 2005 Dec 1.Design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship of novel thiophene derivatives for beta-amyloid plaque imaging.
Ref 528025Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2006 May 1;16(9):2357-63. Epub 2006 Feb 10.Synthesis and evaluation of succinoyl-caprolactam gamma-secretase inhibitors.
Ref 528159J Med Chem. 2006 May 4;49(9):2725-30.Novel benzofuran derivatives for PET imaging of beta-amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease brains.
Ref 528161J Med Chem. 2006 May 4;49(9):2841-4.Synthesis of biphenyltrienes as probes for beta-amyloid plaques.
Ref 528183Targeting soluble Abeta peptide with Tramiprosate for the treatment of brain amyloidosis. Neurobiol Aging. 2007 Apr;28(4):537-47. Epub 2006 May 3.
Ref 528396Amyloid-beta peptide remnants in AN-1792-immunized Alzheimer's disease patients: a biochemical analysis. Am J Pathol. 2006 Sep;169(3):1048-63.
Ref 528454J Med Chem. 2006 Oct 5;49(20):6111-9.Curcumin and dehydrozingerone derivatives: synthesis, radiolabeling, and evaluation for beta-amyloid plaque imaging.
Ref 529223Radiosynthesis and evaluation of [11C]BTA-1 and [11C]3'-Me-BTA-1 as potential radiotracers for in vivo imaging of beta-amyloid plaques. Nuklearmedizin. 2007;46(6):271-80.
Ref 531270Bapineuzumab: anti-beta-amyloid monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Immunotherapy. 2010 Nov;2(6):767-82.
Ref 531529The second-generation active Abeta immunotherapy CAD106 reduces amyloid accumulation in APP transgenic mice while minimizing potential side effects. J Neurosci. 2011 Jun 22;31(25):9323-31.
Ref 531622A phase 2 randomized trial of ELND005, scyllo-inositol, in mild to moderate Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2011 Sep 27;77(13):1253-62.
Ref 531746Structural basis of C-terminal beta-amyloid peptide binding by the antibody ponezumab for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. J Mol Biol. 2012 Aug 24;421(4-5):525-36.
Ref 531800First and second generation gamma-secretase modulators (GSMs) modulate amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide production through different mechanisms. J Biol Chem. 2012 Apr 6;287(15):11810-9.
Ref 532638Phase 3 trials of solanezumab for mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med. 2014 Jan 23;370(4):311-21.
Ref 532655Amyloid-based immunotherapy for Alzheimer's disease in the time of prevention trials: the way forward. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2014 Mar;10(3):405-19.
Ref 532910The murine version of BAN2401 (mAb158) selectively reduces amyloid-beta protofibrils in brain and cerebrospinal fluid of tg-ArcSwe mice. J Alzheimers Dis. 2015;43(2):575-88.
Ref 532998Combating neurodegenerative disease with chemical probes and model systems. Nat Chem Biol. 2014 Nov;10(11):911-20.
Ref 535667Novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease by peripheral administration of agents with an affinity to beta-amyloid. J Neurosci. 2003 Jan 1;23(1):29-33.
Ref 543619(http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/) Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Target id: 2402).
Ref 544153Bapineuzumab. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2010 July; 10(7): 1121-1130.
Ref 544214Targeting Beta Amyloid: A Clinical Review of Immunotherapeutic Approaches in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Alzheimers Dis. 2012; 2012: 628070.
Ref 544222Alzheimer's Disease and the Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis: A Critical Review. Int J Alzheimers Dis. 2012; 2012: 369808.
Ref 544299Low background and high contrast PET imaging of amyloid-beta with [11C]AZD2995 and [11C]AZD2184 in Alzheimer's disease patients. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2013 April; 40(4): 580-593.
Ref 544313Passive anti-amyloid immunotherapy in Alzheimer's disease: What are the most promising targets?. Immun Ageing. 2013; 10: 18.
Ref 544349Profile of gantenerumab and its potential in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Correction in: Drug Des Devel Ther. 2014; 8: 569.
Ref 544353Disease-modifying drugs in Alzheimer's disease. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2013; 7: 1471-1479.
Ref 544391Active immunotherapy options for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2014; 6(1): 7.
Ref 544403Immunotherapy for Alzheimer's disease: hoops and hurdles. Mol Neurodegener. 2013; 8: 36.
Ref 544404Advances in the management of macular degeneration. F1000Prime Rep. 2014; 6: 29.
Ref 550236LY3002813 Alzheimer's Disease (Phase 1). Eli Lilly & Co.
Ref 550240Oral Clinical Candidate ALZ-801 in Alzheon's pipeline. 2012.
Ref 550355Preclinical trail of Pepticlere (DP-74) for treating Alzheimer's disease. ProteoTech Inc.
Ref 551214Gamma-secretase. SciBX 7(40); doi:10.1038/scibx.2014.1175. Oct. 16 2014
Ref 551374The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42.
Ref 551654Inhibition of APP gamma-secretase restores Sonic Hedgehog signaling and neurogenesis in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome. Neurobiology of Disease Volume 82, October 2015, Pages 385-396.
Ref 551871Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015

If You Find Any Error in Data or Bug in Web Service, Please Kindly Report It to Dr. Zhou and Dr. Zhang.