Target Information
| Target General Information | Top | |||||
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| Target ID |
T53378
(Former ID: TTDR00209)
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| Target Name |
Carbonic anhydrase IV (CA-IV)
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| Synonyms |
Carbonic anhydrase 4; Carbonate dehydratase IV; CAIV
Click to Show/Hide
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| Gene Name |
CA4
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| Target Type |
Successful target
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[1] | ||||
| Disease | [+] 3 Target-related Diseases | + | ||||
| 1 | Bacterial infection [ICD-11: 1A00-1C4Z] | |||||
| 2 | Glaucoma [ICD-11: 9C61] | |||||
| 3 | Seborrhoeic dermatitis [ICD-11: EA81] | |||||
| Function |
May stimulate the sodium/bicarbonate transporter activity of SLC4A4 that acts in pH homeostasis. It is essential for acid overload removal from the retina and retina epithelium, and acid release in the choriocapillaris in the choroid. Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide.
Click to Show/Hide
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| BioChemical Class |
Alpha-carbonic anhydrase
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| UniProt ID | ||||||
| EC Number |
EC 4.2.1.1
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| Sequence |
MRMLLALLALSAARPSASAESHWCYEVQAESSNYPCLVPVKWGGNCQKDRQSPINIVTTK
AKVDKKLGRFFFSGYDKKQTWTVQNNGHSVMMLLENKASISGGGLPAPYQAKQLHLHWSD LPYKGSEHSLDGEHFAMEMHIVHEKEKGTSRNVKEAQDPEDEIAVLAFLVEAGTQVNEGF QPLVEALSNIPKPEMSTTMAESSLLDLLPKEEKLRHYFRYLGSLTTPTCDEKVVWTVFRE PIQLHREQILAFSQKLYYDKEQTVSMKDNVRPLQQLGQRTVIKSGAPGRPLPWALPALLG PMLACLLAGFLR Click to Show/Hide
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| 3D Structure | Click to Show 3D Structure of This Target | PDB | ||||
| Drugs and Modes of Action | Top | |||||
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| Approved Drug(s) | [+] 3 Approved Drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | Brinzolamide | Drug Info | Approved | Open-angle glaucoma | [2], [3] | |
| 2 | Salicyclic acid | Drug Info | Approved | Seborrhoeic dermatitis | [4], [5], [6] | |
| 3 | Sulfamylon | Drug Info | Approved | Bacterial infection | [6], [7] | |
| Clinical Trial Drug(s) | [+] 3 Clinical Trial Drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | Curcumin | Drug Info | Phase 3 | Solid tumour/cancer | [8], [9] | |
| 2 | Coumate | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Breast cancer | [10] | |
| 3 | Sodium pyruvate | Drug Info | Phase 1/2 | Asthma | [11] | |
| Mode of Action | [+] 2 Modes of Action | + | ||||
| Modulator | [+] 1 Modulator drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | Brinzolamide | Drug Info | [12] | |||
| Inhibitor | [+] 69 Inhibitor drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | Salicyclic acid | Drug Info | [13] | |||
| 2 | Sulfamylon | Drug Info | [1] | |||
| 3 | Curcumin | Drug Info | [14] | |||
| 4 | PARABEN | Drug Info | [15] | |||
| 5 | PHENOL | Drug Info | [14] | |||
| 6 | Coumate | Drug Info | [16] | |||
| 7 | Sodium pyruvate | Drug Info | [17] | |||
| 8 | SULFAMIDE | Drug Info | [18] | |||
| 9 | FERULIC ACID | Drug Info | [15] | |||
| 10 | SPERMINE | Drug Info | [19] | |||
| 11 | 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-hydroxyurea | Drug Info | [20] | |||
| 12 | 2,4-Disulfamyltrifluoromethylaniline | Drug Info | [1] | |||
| 13 | 2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carboxylic acid | Drug Info | [21] | |||
| 14 | 2-Propyl-pentanoic acid 4-sulfamoyl-benzyl ester | Drug Info | [22] | |||
| 15 | 2-Propyl-pentanoic acid 4-sulfamoyl-benzylamide | Drug Info | [22] | |||
| 16 | 3-Amino-benzenesulfonamide | Drug Info | [1] | |||
| 17 | 4-(2-AMINOETHYL)BENZENESULFONAMIDE | Drug Info | [1] | |||
| 18 | 4-Amino-3-bromo-benzenesulfonamide | Drug Info | [1] | |||
| 19 | 4-Amino-3-chloro-benzenesulfonamide | Drug Info | [1] | |||
| 20 | 4-Amino-3-fluoro-benzenesulfonamide | Drug Info | [1] | |||
| 21 | 4-Amino-3-iodo-benzenesulfonamide | Drug Info | [1] | |||
| 22 | 4-Hydrazino-benzenesulfonamide | Drug Info | [1] | |||
| 23 | 6-(aminomethyl)-2H-chromen-2-one | Drug Info | [21] | |||
| 24 | 6-(hydroxymethyl)-2H-chromen-2-one | Drug Info | [21] | |||
| 25 | 6-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carboxylic acid | Drug Info | [21] | |||
| 26 | 7-(benzyloxy)-2H-chromen-2-one | Drug Info | [21] | |||
| 27 | Aminocarbonyl dihydrogen phosphate | Drug Info | [23] | |||
| 28 | BENZOLAMIDE | Drug Info | [24] | |||
| 29 | Carbamoyl phosphate disodium | Drug Info | [25] | |||
| 30 | CATECHIN | Drug Info | [14] | |||
| 31 | CATECHOL | Drug Info | [15] | |||
| 32 | CL-5343 | Drug Info | [26] | |||
| 33 | COUMARIN | Drug Info | [21] | |||
| 34 | Decane-1,10-diyl disulfamate | Drug Info | [27] | |||
| 35 | Decyl sulfamate | Drug Info | [27] | |||
| 36 | ELLAGIC ACID | Drug Info | [15] | |||
| 37 | Ethyl 7-methoxy-2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carboxylate | Drug Info | [21] | |||
| 38 | GALLICACID | Drug Info | [15] | |||
| 39 | HERNIARIN | Drug Info | [21] | |||
| 40 | Hexane-1,6-diamine | Drug Info | [19] | |||
| 41 | Malonate sodium | Drug Info | [17] | |||
| 42 | N-(5-ethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfamide | Drug Info | [28] | |||
| 43 | N-(5-phenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfamide | Drug Info | [28] | |||
| 44 | N-(5-Sulfamoyl-[1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl)-benzamide | Drug Info | [22] | |||
| 45 | N-(5-tert-butyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfamide | Drug Info | [28] | |||
| 46 | N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate | Drug Info | [23] | |||
| 47 | N-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylsulfamide | Drug Info | [28] | |||
| 48 | N-hydroxysulfonamides | Drug Info | [29] | |||
| 49 | N-[5-(ethylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]sulfamide | Drug Info | [28] | |||
| 50 | N-[5-(methylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]sulfamide | Drug Info | [28] | |||
| 51 | N1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethane-1,2-diamine | Drug Info | [19] | |||
| 52 | Octane-1,8-diyl disulfamate | Drug Info | [27] | |||
| 53 | Octyl sulfamate | Drug Info | [27] | |||
| 54 | P-Coumaric Acid | Drug Info | [15] | |||
| 55 | Pentane-1,5-diamine | Drug Info | [19] | |||
| 56 | Phenyl Boronic acid | Drug Info | [30] | |||
| 57 | Phenyl-phosphonic acid | Drug Info | [23] | |||
| 58 | Phenylarsonic acid | Drug Info | [31] | |||
| 59 | SODIUM CITRATE | Drug Info | [17] | |||
| 60 | Sodium phenylarsonate | Drug Info | [30] | |||
| 61 | SODIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC, ANHYDROUS | Drug Info | [25] | |||
| 62 | Sodium sulfamate | Drug Info | [30] | |||
| 63 | Sodium trithiocarbonate | Drug Info | [32] | |||
| 64 | SULFAMATE | Drug Info | [31] | |||
| 65 | Syringic Acid | Drug Info | [15] | |||
| 66 | Trecadrine | Drug Info | [34] | |||
| 67 | Trisodium phosphate | Drug Info | [25] | |||
| 68 | [Cu(CN)2]- | Drug Info | [35] | |||
| 69 | [Fe(CN)6]4- | Drug Info | [35] | |||
| Cell-based Target Expression Variations | Top | |||||
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| Cell-based Target Expression Variations | ||||||
| Drug Binding Sites of Target | Top | |||||
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| Ligand Name: Dorzolamide | Ligand Info | |||||
| Structure Description | Crystal Structure of soluble domain of CA4 in complex with Dorzolamide | PDB:3FW3 | ||||
| Method | X-ray diffraction | Resolution | 1.72 Å | Mutation | No | [36] |
| PDB Sequence |
WCYEVQAESS
11C NCLVPVKWGG21 NCQKDRQSPI31 NIVTTKAKVD41 KKLGRFFFSG50A YDKKQTWTVQ 60 NNGHSVMMLL70 ENKASISGGG83 LPAPYQAKQL93 HLHWSDLPYK103 GSEHSLDGEH 113 FAMEMHIVHE123 KEKPEDEIAV143 LAFLVEAGTQ152 VNEGFQPLVE162 ALSNIPKPEM 172 STTMAESSLL182 DLLPKEEKLR189A HYFRYLGSLT199 TPTCDEKVVW209 TVFREPIQLH 219 REQILAFSQK228 LYYDKEQTVS240 MKDNVRPLQQ250 LGQRTVIKS
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| Ligand Name: Methazolamide | Ligand Info | |||||
| Structure Description | Crystal structure for the complex of human carbonic anhydrase IV and methazolamide | PDB:5KU6 | ||||
| Method | X-ray diffraction | Resolution | 1.80 Å | Mutation | No | [37] |
| PDB Sequence |
AESHWCYEVQ
10 AESSNYPCLV12 PVKWGGNCQK25 DRQSPINIVT35 TKAKVDKKLG45 RFFFSGYDKK 54 QTWTVQNNGH64 SVMMLLENKA77 SISGGGLPAP87 YQAKQLHLHW97 SDLPYKGSEH 107 SLDGEHFAME117 MHIVHEKEKG126A TSDPEDEIAV143 LAFLVEAGTQ152 VNEGFQPLVE 162 ALSNIPKPEM172 STTMAESSLL182 DLLPKEEKLR189A HYFRYLGSLT199 TPTCDEKVVW 209 TVFREPIQLH219 REQILAFSQK228 LYYDKEQTVS240 MKDNVRPLQQ250 LGQRTVIKS |
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| Click to View More Binding Site Information of This Target with Different Ligands | ||||||
| Different Human System Profiles of Target | Top |
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Human Similarity Proteins
of target is determined by comparing the sequence similarity of all human proteins with the target based on BLAST. The similarity proteins for a target are defined as the proteins with E-value < 0.005 and outside the protein families of the target.
A target that has fewer human similarity proteins outside its family is commonly regarded to possess a greater capacity to avoid undesired interactions and thus increase the possibility of finding successful drugs
(Brief Bioinform, 21: 649-662, 2020).
Human Tissue Distribution
of target is determined from a proteomics study that quantified more than 12,000 genes across 32 normal human tissues. Tissue Specificity (TS) score was used to define the enrichment of target across tissues.
The distribution of targets among different tissues or organs need to be taken into consideration when assessing the target druggability, as it is generally accepted that the wider the target distribution, the greater the concern over potential adverse effects
(Nat Rev Drug Discov, 20: 64-81, 2021).
Human Pathway Affiliation
of target is determined by the life-essential pathways provided on KEGG database. The target-affiliated pathways were defined based on the following two criteria (a) the pathways of the studied target should be life-essential for both healthy individuals and patients, and (b) the studied target should occupy an upstream position in the pathways and therefore had the ability to regulate biological function.
Targets involved in a fewer pathways have greater likelihood to be successfully developed, while those associated with more human pathways increase the chance of undesirable interferences with other human processes
(Pharmacol Rev, 58: 259-279, 2006).
Biological Network Descriptors
of target is determined based on a human protein-protein interactions (PPI) network consisting of 9,309 proteins and 52,713 PPIs, which were with a high confidence score of ≥ 0.95 collected from STRING database.
The network properties of targets based on protein-protein interactions (PPIs) have been widely adopted for the assessment of target’s druggability. Proteins with high node degree tend to have a high impact on network function through multiple interactions, while proteins with high betweenness centrality are regarded to be central for communication in interaction networks and regulate the flow of signaling information
(Front Pharmacol, 9, 1245, 2018;
Curr Opin Struct Biol. 44:134-142, 2017).
Human Similarity Proteins
Human Tissue Distribution
Human Pathway Affiliation
Biological Network Descriptors
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There is no similarity protein (E value < 0.005) for this target
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Note:
If a protein has TS (tissue specficity) scores at least in one tissue >= 2.5, this protein is called tissue-enriched (including tissue-enriched-but-not-specific and tissue-specific). In the plots, the vertical lines are at thresholds 2.5 and 4.
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| KEGG Pathway | Pathway ID | Affiliated Target | Pathway Map |
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| Nitrogen metabolism | hsa00910 | Affiliated Target |
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| Class: Metabolism => Energy metabolism | Pathway Hierarchy | ||
| Proximal tubule bicarbonate reclamation | hsa04964 | Affiliated Target |
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| Class: Organismal Systems => Excretory system | Pathway Hierarchy | ||
| Degree | 1 | Degree centrality | 1.07E-04 | Betweenness centrality | 0.00E+00 |
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| Closeness centrality | 1.51E-01 | Radiality | 1.20E+01 | Clustering coefficient | 0.00E+00 |
| Neighborhood connectivity | 5.00E+00 | Topological coefficient | 1.00E+00 | Eccentricity | 13 |
| Download | Click to Download the Full PPI Network of This Target | ||||
| Chemical Structure based Activity Landscape of Target | Top |
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| Drug Property Profile of Target | Top | |
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| (1) Molecular Weight (mw) based Drug Clustering | (2) Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient (xlogp) based Drug Clustering | |
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| (3) Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor) based Drug Clustering | (4) Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc) based Drug Clustering | |
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| (5) Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds) based Drug Clustering | (6) Topological Polar Surface Area (polararea) based Drug Clustering | |
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| "RO5" indicates the cutoff set by lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in GREEN denotes the no violation of any cutoff in lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in PURPLE refers to the violation of only one cutoff in lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in BLACK represents the violation of more than one cutoffs in lipinski's rule of five | ||
| Co-Targets | Top | |||||
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| Co-Targets | ||||||
| Target Poor or Non Binders | Top | |||||
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| Target Poor or Non Binders | ||||||
| Target Profiles in Patients | Top | |||||
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| Target Expression Profile (TEP) | ||||||
| Target Affiliated Biological Pathways | Top | |||||
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| KEGG Pathway | [+] 2 KEGG Pathways | + | ||||
| 1 | Nitrogen metabolism | |||||
| 2 | Proximal tubule bicarbonate reclamation | |||||
| Reactome | [+] 3 Reactome Pathways | + | ||||
| 1 | Erythrocytes take up carbon dioxide and release oxygen | |||||
| 2 | Erythrocytes take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide | |||||
| 3 | Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide | |||||
| WikiPathways | [+] 3 WikiPathways | + | ||||
| 1 | Reversible Hydration of Carbon Dioxide | |||||
| 2 | Uptake of Carbon Dioxide and Release of Oxygen by Erythrocytes | |||||
| 3 | Uptake of Oxygen and Release of Carbon Dioxide by Erythrocytes | |||||
| Target-Related Models and Studies | Top | |||||
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| Target Validation | ||||||
| Target QSAR Model | ||||||
| References | Top | |||||
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| REF 1 | Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition of the membrane-bound human and bovine isozymes IV with sulfonamides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2005 Feb 15;15(4):1149-54. | |||||
| REF 2 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6797). | |||||
| REF 3 | Natural products as sources of new drugs over the last 25 years. J Nat Prod. 2007 Mar;70(3):461-77. | |||||
| REF 4 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 4306). | |||||
| REF 5 | Drug information of Salicyclic acid, 2008. eduDrugs. | |||||
| REF 6 | Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015 | |||||
| REF 7 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00634166) Prospective Evaluation of the Effects of Topical Therapy With Sulfamylon For 5% Topical Solution on Autograft Healing in Subjects With Thermal Injuries Requiring Meshed Autografts: A Comparison to a Historical Control Group. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 8 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7000). | |||||
| REF 9 | Nanocurcumin: a promising therapeutic advancement over native curcumin. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 2013;30(4):331-68. | |||||
| REF 10 | Irosustat: a first-generation steroid sulfatase inhibitor in breast cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2011 Feb;11(2):179-83. | |||||
| REF 11 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00262652) Safety and Efficacy Study of the Use of Sodium Pyruvate Bronchodilation in Asthmatics. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 12 | Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. | |||||
| REF 13 | Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: inhibition of mammalian isoforms I-XIV with a series of substituted phenols including paracetamol and salicylic acid. Bioorg Med Chem. 2008 Aug 1;16(15):7424-8. | |||||
| REF 14 | Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Antioxidant polyphenols effectively inhibit mammalian isoforms I-XV. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2010 Sep 1;20(17):5050-3. | |||||
| REF 15 | Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition of mammalian isoforms I-XIV with a series of natural product polyphenols and phenolic acids. Bioorg Med Chem. 2010 Mar 15;18(6):2159-2164. | |||||
| REF 16 | Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interaction of the antitumor sulfamate EMD 486019 with twelve mammalian carbonic anhydrase isoforms: Kinetic and X-r... Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2008 Aug 1;18(15):4282-6. | |||||
| REF 17 | Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interaction of isozymes I, II, IV, V, and IX with carboxylates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2005 Feb 1;15(3):573-8. | |||||
| REF 18 | Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: crystallographic and solution binding studies for the interaction of a boron-containing aromatic sulfamide with mamm... Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2010 Jun 15;20(12):3601-5. | |||||
| REF 19 | Polyamines inhibit carbonic anhydrases by anchoring to the zinc-coordinated water molecule. J Med Chem. 2010 Aug 12;53(15):5511-22. | |||||
| REF 20 | N-hydroxyurea--a versatile zinc binding function in the design of metalloenzyme inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2006 Aug 15;16(16):4316-20. | |||||
| REF 21 | Deciphering the mechanism of carbonic anhydrase inhibition with coumarins and thiocoumarins. J Med Chem. 2010 Jan 14;53(1):335-44. | |||||
| REF 22 | Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: anticonvulsant sulfonamides incorporating valproyl and other lipophilic moieties. J Med Chem. 2002 Jan 17;45(2):312-20. | |||||
| REF 23 | Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interaction of isozymes I, II, IV, V, and IX with organic phosphates and phosphonates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2005 Mar 15;15(6):1683-6. | |||||
| REF 24 | Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: topically acting antiglaucoma sulfonamides incorporating esters and amides of 3- and 4-carboxybenzolamide. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2003 Sep 1;13(17):2867-73. | |||||
| REF 25 | Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interaction of isozymes I, II, IV, V, and IX with phosphates, carbamoyl phosphate, and the phosphonate antiviral dru... Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2004 Dec 6;14(23):5763-7. | |||||
| REF 26 | Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. The X-ray crystal structure of human isoform II in adduct with an adamantyl analogue of acetazolamide resides in a l... Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2010 Aug 1;20(15):4376-81. | |||||
| REF 27 | Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Comparison of aliphatic sulfamate/bis-sulfamate adducts with isozymes II and IX as a platform for designing tight-bi... J Med Chem. 2009 Oct 8;52(19):5990-8. | |||||
| REF 28 | Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: 2-substituted-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-sulfamides act as powerful and selective inhibitors of the mitochondrial isozymes ... Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2008 Dec 15;18(24):6332-5. | |||||
| REF 29 | Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: inhibition of isozymes I, II and IV with N-hydroxysulfonamides--a novel class of intraocular pressure lowering agents. J Enzyme Inhib. 1998 Jul;13(4):267-84. | |||||
| REF 30 | Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: the membrane-associated isoform XV is highly inhibited by inorganic anions. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2009 Feb 15;19(4):1155-8. | |||||
| REF 31 | Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: inhibition of the membrane-bound human isozyme IV with anions. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2004 Dec 6;14(23):5769-73. | |||||
| REF 32 | Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition of cytosolic isoforms I, II, III, VII and XIII with less investigated inorganic anions. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2009 Apr 1;19(7):1855-7. | |||||
| REF 33 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Target id: 2599). | |||||
| REF 34 | Sulfenamido-sulfonamides as inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase isozymes I, II and IV. J Enzyme Inhib. 1997 Aug;12(3):175-90. | |||||
| REF 35 | Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition of isozymes I, II, IV, V and IX with complex fluorides, chlorides and cyanides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2005 Apr 1;15(7):1909-13. | |||||
| REF 36 | Thioether benzenesulfonamide inhibitors of carbonic anhydrases II and IV: structure-based drug design, synthesis, and biological evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem. 2010 May 1;18(9):3307-19. | |||||
| REF 37 | Intrinsic thermodynamics of high affinity inhibitor binding to recombinant human carbonic anhydrase IV. Eur Biophys J. 2018 Apr;47(3):271-290. | |||||
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