Target Information
Target General Information | Top | |||||
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Target ID |
T28661
(Former ID: TTDS00389)
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Target Name |
Tubulin beta-2 chain (TUBB2)
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Synonyms |
Tubulin beta-2A chain; Tubulin beta class IIa; TUBB4B; BetaII-Tubulin; Beta(II)-Tubulin; Beta(II) isotype of Tubulin
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Gene Name |
TUBB2A
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Target Type |
Successful target
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[1] | ||||
Disease | [+] 1 Target-related Diseases | + | ||||
1 | Solid tumour/cancer [ICD-11: 2A00-2F9Z] | |||||
Function |
It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha chain. Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules.
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UniProt ID | ||||||
Sequence |
MREIVHIQAGQCGNQIGAKFWEVISDEHGIDPTGSYHGDSDLQLERINVYYNEAAGNKYV
PRAILVDLEPGTMDSVRSGPFGQIFRPDNFVFGQSGAGNNWAKGHYTEGAELVDSVLDVV RKESESCDCLQGFQLTHSLGGGTGSGMGTLLISKIREEYPDRIMNTFSVMPSPKVSDTVV EPYNATLSVHQLVENTDETYSIDNEALYDICFRTLKLTTPTYGDLNHLVSATMSGVTTCL RFPGQLNADLRKLAVNMVPFPRLHFFMPGFAPLTSRGSQQYRALTVPELTQQMFDSKNMM AACDPRHGRYLTVAAIFRGRMSMKEVDEQMLNVQNKNSSYFVEWIPNNVKTAVCDIPPRG LKMSATFIGNSTAIQELFKRISEQFTAMFRRKAFLHWYTGEGMDEMEFTEAESNMNDLVS EYQQYQDATADEQGEFEEEEGEDEA Click to Show/Hide
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3D Structure | Click to Show 3D Structure of This Target | AlphaFold |
Drugs and Modes of Action | Top | |||||
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Approved Drug(s) | [+] 1 Approved Drugs | + | ||||
1 | Vinblastine | Drug Info | Approved | Solid tumour/cancer | [2], [3] | |
Clinical Trial Drug(s) | [+] 1 Clinical Trial Drugs | + | ||||
1 | DOLASTATIN-10 | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Solid tumour/cancer | [4] | |
Mode of Action | [+] 1 Modes of Action | + | ||||
Inhibitor | [+] 13 Inhibitor drugs | + | ||||
1 | Vinblastine | Drug Info | [1] | |||
2 | DOLASTATIN-10 | Drug Info | [5] | |||
3 | 2'-amino-3,4,4',5-tetramethoxy-(Z)-stillbene | Drug Info | [6] | |||
4 | 2,3'-diamino-3,4,4',5-tetramethoxy-(Z)-stillbene | Drug Info | [6] | |||
5 | 2-amino-3,4',5-trimethoxy-(Z)-stillbene | Drug Info | [6] | |||
6 | 3,4',5-trimethoxy-(Z)-stilbene | Drug Info | [6] | |||
7 | 3,4,4',5-tetramethoxy-(Z)-stilbene | Drug Info | [6] | |||
8 | 3-bromo-4,4',5-trimethoxy-(Z)-stilbene | Drug Info | [6] | |||
9 | 6-ile-ustiloxin | Drug Info | [5] | |||
10 | N-(4-(3-(pyridin-2-yl)acryloyl)phenyl)acetamide | Drug Info | [7] | |||
11 | USTILOXIN A | Drug Info | [5] | |||
12 | Ustiloxin D | Drug Info | [5] | |||
13 | Ustiloxin F | Drug Info | [5] |
Cell-based Target Expression Variations | Top | |||||
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Cell-based Target Expression Variations |
Different Human System Profiles of Target | Top |
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Human Similarity Proteins
of target is determined by comparing the sequence similarity of all human proteins with the target based on BLAST. The similarity proteins for a target are defined as the proteins with E-value < 0.005 and outside the protein families of the target.
A target that has fewer human similarity proteins outside its family is commonly regarded to possess a greater capacity to avoid undesired interactions and thus increase the possibility of finding successful drugs
(Brief Bioinform, 21: 649-662, 2020).
Human Tissue Distribution
of target is determined from a proteomics study that quantified more than 12,000 genes across 32 normal human tissues. Tissue Specificity (TS) score was used to define the enrichment of target across tissues.
The distribution of targets among different tissues or organs need to be taken into consideration when assessing the target druggability, as it is generally accepted that the wider the target distribution, the greater the concern over potential adverse effects
(Nat Rev Drug Discov, 20: 64-81, 2021).
Human Pathway Affiliation
of target is determined by the life-essential pathways provided on KEGG database. The target-affiliated pathways were defined based on the following two criteria (a) the pathways of the studied target should be life-essential for both healthy individuals and patients, and (b) the studied target should occupy an upstream position in the pathways and therefore had the ability to regulate biological function.
Targets involved in a fewer pathways have greater likelihood to be successfully developed, while those associated with more human pathways increase the chance of undesirable interferences with other human processes
(Pharmacol Rev, 58: 259-279, 2006).
Biological Network Descriptors
of target is determined based on a human protein-protein interactions (PPI) network consisting of 9,309 proteins and 52,713 PPIs, which were with a high confidence score of ≥ 0.95 collected from STRING database.
The network properties of targets based on protein-protein interactions (PPIs) have been widely adopted for the assessment of target’s druggability. Proteins with high node degree tend to have a high impact on network function through multiple interactions, while proteins with high betweenness centrality are regarded to be central for communication in interaction networks and regulate the flow of signaling information
(Front Pharmacol, 9, 1245, 2018;
Curr Opin Struct Biol. 44:134-142, 2017).
Human Similarity Proteins
Human Tissue Distribution
Human Pathway Affiliation
Biological Network Descriptors
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There is no similarity protein (E value < 0.005) for this target
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Note:
If a protein has TS (tissue specficity) scores at least in one tissue >= 2.5, this protein is called tissue-enriched (including tissue-enriched-but-not-specific and tissue-specific). In the plots, the vertical lines are at thresholds 2.5 and 4.
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KEGG Pathway | Pathway ID | Affiliated Target | Pathway Map |
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Phagosome | hsa04145 | Affiliated Target |
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Class: Cellular Processes => Transport and catabolism | Pathway Hierarchy | ||
Gap junction | hsa04540 | Affiliated Target |
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Class: Cellular Processes => Cellular community - eukaryotes | Pathway Hierarchy |
Degree | 6 | Degree centrality | 6.45E-04 | Betweenness centrality | 1.22E-03 |
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Closeness centrality | 2.02E-01 | Radiality | 1.35E+01 | Clustering coefficient | 2.67E-01 |
Neighborhood connectivity | 1.02E+01 | Topological coefficient | 2.42E-01 | Eccentricity | 12 |
Download | Click to Download the Full PPI Network of This Target | ||||
Drug Property Profile of Target | Top | |
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(1) Molecular Weight (mw) based Drug Clustering | (2) Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient (xlogp) based Drug Clustering | |
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(3) Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor) based Drug Clustering | (4) Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc) based Drug Clustering | |
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(5) Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds) based Drug Clustering | (6) Topological Polar Surface Area (polararea) based Drug Clustering | |
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"RO5" indicates the cutoff set by lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in GREEN denotes the no violation of any cutoff in lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in PURPLE refers to the violation of only one cutoff in lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in BLACK represents the violation of more than one cutoffs in lipinski's rule of five |
Co-Targets | Top | |||||
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Co-Targets |
Target Regulators | Top | |||||
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Target-regulating microRNAs |
Target-Related Models and Studies | Top | |||||
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Target Validation |
References | Top | |||||
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REF 1 | Effect of the antitumor drug vinblastine on nuclear betaII-tubulin in cultured rat kidney mesangial cells. Invest New Drugs. 2003 Feb;21(1):15-20. | |||||
REF 2 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6851). | |||||
REF 3 | Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015 | |||||
REF 4 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00003677) Dolastatin 10 in Treating Patients With Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
REF 5 | Total synthesis and biological evaluation of ustiloxin natural products and two analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2006 Sep 15;16(18):4804-7. | |||||
REF 6 | 2-amino and 2'-aminocombretastatin derivatives as potent antimitotic agents. J Med Chem. 2006 Oct 19;49(21):6412-5. | |||||
REF 7 | Design and biological evaluation of novel tubulin inhibitors as antimitotic agents using a pharmacophore binding model with tubulin. J Med Chem. 2006 Sep 21;49(19):5664-70. |
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