Target Information
Target General Information | Top | |||||
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Target ID |
T22104
(Former ID: TTDR00888)
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Target Name |
Gremlin-1 (Gremlin-1)
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Synonyms |
Proliferation-inducing gene 2; PIG2; Increased in high glucose protein 2; IHG-2; Down-regulated in Mos-transformed cells protein; DRM; DAND2; DAN domain family member 2; Cysteine knot superfamily 1, BMP antagonist 1; Cell proliferation-inducing gene 2 protein; CKTSF1B1
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Gene Name |
GREM1
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Target Type |
Patented-recorded target
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[1] | ||||
Function |
Down-regulates the BMP4 signaling in a dose-dependent manner. Antagonist of BMP2; inhibits BMP2-mediated differentiation of osteoblasts (in vitro). Acts as inhibitor of monocyte chemotaxis. Can inhibit the growth or viability of normal cells but not transformed cells when is overexpressed. Cytokine that may play an important role during carcinogenesis and metanephric kidney organogenesis, as a BMP antagonist required for early limb outgrowth and patterning in maintaining the FGF4-SHH feedback loop.
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UniProt ID | ||||||
Sequence |
MSRTAYTVGALLLLLGTLLPAAEGKKKGSQGAIPPPDKAQHNDSEQTQSPQQPGSRNRGR
GQGRGTAMPGEEVLESSQEALHVTERKYLKRDWCKTQPLKQTIHEEGCNSRTIINRFCYG QCNSFYIPRHIRKEEGSFQSCSFCKPKKFTTMMVTLNCPELQPPTKKKRVTRVKQCRCIS IDLD Click to Show/Hide
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3D Structure | Click to Show 3D Structure of This Target | AlphaFold |
Cell-based Target Expression Variations | Top | |||||
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Cell-based Target Expression Variations |
Different Human System Profiles of Target | Top |
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Human Similarity Proteins
of target is determined by comparing the sequence similarity of all human proteins with the target based on BLAST. The similarity proteins for a target are defined as the proteins with E-value < 0.005 and outside the protein families of the target.
A target that has fewer human similarity proteins outside its family is commonly regarded to possess a greater capacity to avoid undesired interactions and thus increase the possibility of finding successful drugs
(Brief Bioinform, 21: 649-662, 2020).
Human Tissue Distribution
of target is determined from a proteomics study that quantified more than 12,000 genes across 32 normal human tissues. Tissue Specificity (TS) score was used to define the enrichment of target across tissues.
The distribution of targets among different tissues or organs need to be taken into consideration when assessing the target druggability, as it is generally accepted that the wider the target distribution, the greater the concern over potential adverse effects
(Nat Rev Drug Discov, 20: 64-81, 2021).
Human Pathway Affiliation
of target is determined by the life-essential pathways provided on KEGG database. The target-affiliated pathways were defined based on the following two criteria (a) the pathways of the studied target should be life-essential for both healthy individuals and patients, and (b) the studied target should occupy an upstream position in the pathways and therefore had the ability to regulate biological function.
Targets involved in a fewer pathways have greater likelihood to be successfully developed, while those associated with more human pathways increase the chance of undesirable interferences with other human processes
(Pharmacol Rev, 58: 259-279, 2006).
Biological Network Descriptors
of target is determined based on a human protein-protein interactions (PPI) network consisting of 9,309 proteins and 52,713 PPIs, which were with a high confidence score of ≥ 0.95 collected from STRING database.
The network properties of targets based on protein-protein interactions (PPIs) have been widely adopted for the assessment of target’s druggability. Proteins with high node degree tend to have a high impact on network function through multiple interactions, while proteins with high betweenness centrality are regarded to be central for communication in interaction networks and regulate the flow of signaling information
(Front Pharmacol, 9, 1245, 2018;
Curr Opin Struct Biol. 44:134-142, 2017).
Human Similarity Proteins
Human Tissue Distribution
Human Pathway Affiliation
Biological Network Descriptors
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Protein Name | Pfam ID | Percentage of Identity (%) | E value |
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Mucin-2 (MUC2) | 29.412 (25/85) | 2.00E-03 |
Note:
If a protein has TS (tissue specficity) scores at least in one tissue >= 2.5, this protein is called tissue-enriched (including tissue-enriched-but-not-specific and tissue-specific). In the plots, the vertical lines are at thresholds 2.5 and 4.
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KEGG Pathway | Pathway ID | Affiliated Target | Pathway Map |
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TGF-beta signaling pathway | hsa04350 | Affiliated Target |
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Class: Environmental Information Processing => Signal transduction | Pathway Hierarchy |
Degree | 6 | Degree centrality | 6.45E-04 | Betweenness centrality | 1.07E-07 |
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Closeness centrality | 1.85E-01 | Radiality | 1.31E+01 | Clustering coefficient | 8.00E-01 |
Neighborhood connectivity | 2.23E+01 | Topological coefficient | 4.86E-01 | Eccentricity | 13 |
Download | Click to Download the Full PPI Network of This Target | ||||
Target Regulators | Top | |||||
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Target-regulating microRNAs |
References | Top | |||||
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REF 1 | VEGFR-2 inhibitors and the therapeutic applications thereof: a patent review (2012-2016).Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2017 Sep;27(9):987-1004. |
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