Target Binding Site Detail
Target General Information | Top | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Target ID | T86528 | Target Info | |||
Target Name | Geranyltranstransferase (FDPS) | ||||
Synonyms | KIAA1293; Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase; Geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase; GGPS1; GGPPSase; GGPP synthase; Farnesyltranstransferase; Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase; Farnesyl diphosphate synthase; FPS protein; FPP synthase; Dimethylallyltranstransferase; (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate synthase | ||||
Target Type | Successful Target | ||||
Gene Name | FDPS | ||||
Biochemical Class | Alkyl aryl transferase | ||||
UniProt ID |
Ligand General Information | Top | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ligand Name | Risedronate | Ligand Info | |||
Canonical SMILES | C1=CC(=CN=C1)CC(O)(P(=O)(O)O)P(=O)(O)O | ||||
InChI | 1S/C7H11NO7P2/c9-7(16(10,11)12,17(13,14)15)4-6-2-1-3-8-5-6/h1-3,5,9H,4H2,(H2,10,11,12)(H2,13,14,15) | ||||
InChIKey | IIDJRNMFWXDHID-UHFFFAOYSA-N | ||||
PubChem Compound ID | 5245 |
Drug Binding Sites of Target | Top | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PDB ID: 4NUA The effects of Lysine 200 and Phenylalanine 239 Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase (FPPS) mutations on the catalytic activity, crystal structure and inhibition by nitrogen containing bisphosphonates | ||||||
Method | X-ray diffraction | Resolution | 1.43 Å | Mutation | Yes | [1] |
PDB Sequence |
AYAQEKQDFV
18 QHFSQIVRVL28 TEHPEIGDAI42 ARLKEVLEYN52 TIGGKYNRGL62 TVVVAFRELV 72 EPRKQDADSL82 QRAWTVGWCV92 ELLQAFFLVA102 DDIMDSSLTR112 RGQICWYQKP 122 GVGLDAINDA132 NLLEACIYRL142 LKLYCREQPY152 YLNLIELFLQ162 SSYQTEIGQT 172 LDLLTAPQGN182 VDLVRFTEKR192 YKSIVKYKTA202 FYSFYLPIAA212 AMYMAGIDGE 222 KEHANAKKIL232 LEMGEFAQIQ242 DDYLDLFGDP252 SVTGKIGTDI262 QDNKCSWLVV 272 QCLQRATPEQ282 YQILKENYGQ292 KEAEKVARVK302 ALYEELDLPA312 VFLQYEEDSY 322 SHIMALIEQY332 AAPLPPAVFL342 GLARKIYK
|
|||||
|
||||||
PDB ID: 4NKE The effects of Lysine 200 and Phenylalanine 239 Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase (FPPS) mutations on the catalytic activity, crystal structure and inhibition by nitrogen containing bisphosphonates | ||||||
Method | X-ray diffraction | Resolution | 1.46 Å | Mutation | Yes | [2] |
PDB Sequence |
VYAQEKQDFV
18 QHFSQIVRVL28 TEHPEIGDAI42 ARLKEVLEYN52 TIGGKYNRGL62 TVVVAFRELV 72 EPRKQDADSL82 QRAWTVGWCV92 ELLQAFFLVA102 DDIMDSSLTR112 RGQICWYQKP 122 GVGLDAINDA132 NLLEACIYRL142 LKLYCREQPY152 YLNLIELFLQ162 SSYQTEIGQT 172 LDLLTAPQGN182 VDLVRFTEKR192 YKSIVKYKTA202 FYSFYLPIAA212 AMYMAGIDGE 222 KEHANAKKIL232 LEMGEFAQIQ242 DDYLDLFGDP252 SVTGKIGTDI262 QDNKCSWLVV 272 QCLQRATPEQ282 YQILKENYGQ292 KEAEKVARVK302 ALYEELDLPA312 VFLQYEEDSY 322 SHIMALIEQY332 AAPLPPAVFL342 GLARKIYK
|
|||||
|
||||||
PDB ID: 4KPD Crystal Structure of Human Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase (Y204F) Mutant Complexed with Mg, Risedronate and Isopentenyl Pyrophosphate | ||||||
Method | X-ray diffraction | Resolution | 1.96 Å | Mutation | Yes | [3] |
PDB Sequence |
VYAQEKQDFV
18 QHFSQIVRVL28 TEHPEIGDAI42 ARLKEVLEYN52 AIGGKYNRGL62 TVVVAFRELV 72 EPRKQDADSL82 QRAWTVGWCV92 ELLQAFFLVA102 DDIMDSSLTR112 RGQICWYQKP 122 GVGLDAINDA132 NLLEACIYRL142 LKLYCREQPY152 YLNLIELFLQ162 SSYQTEIGQT 172 LDLLTAPQGN182 VDLVRFTEKR192 YKSIVKYKTA202 FFSFYLPIAA212 AMYMAGIDGE 222 KEHANAKKIL232 LEMGEFFQIQ242 DDYLDLFGDP252 SVTGKIGTDI262 QDNKCSWLVV 272 QCLQRATPEQ282 YQILKENYGQ292 KEAEKVARVK302 ALYEELDLPA312 VFLQYEEDSY 322 SHIMALIEQY332 AAPLPPAVFL342 GLARKIYKRR352 K
|
|||||
|
||||||
PDB ID: 4KQS Crystal Structure of Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase Mutant (Y204A) Complexed with Mg, Risedronate and Isopentenyl Pyrophosphate | ||||||
Method | X-ray diffraction | Resolution | 1.97 Å | Mutation | Yes | [4] |
PDB Sequence |
VYAQEKQDFV
18 QHFSQIVRVL28 TEPEIGDAIA43 RLKEVLEYNA53 IGGKYNRGLT63 VVVAFRELVE 73 PRKQDADSLQ83 RAWTVGWCVE93 LLQAFFLVAD103 DIMDSSLTRR113 GQICWYQKPG 123 VGLDAINDAN133 LLEACIYRLL143 KLYCREQPYY153 LNLIELFLQS163 SYQTEIGQTL 173 DLLTAPQGNV183 DLVRFTEKRY193 KSIVKYKTAF203 ASFYLPIAAA213 MYMAGIDGEK 223 EHANAKKILL233 EMGEFFQIQD243 DYLDLFGDPS253 VTGKIGTDIQ263 DNKCSWLVVQ 273 CLQRATPEQY283 QILKENYGQK293 EAEKVARVKA303 LYEELDLPAV313 FLQYEEDSYS 323 HIMALIEQYA333 APLPPAVFLG343 LARKIYKRRK353
|
|||||
Click to Show 3D Structure of This Binding Site
set background white;style ions nothing; color 8e8e8e;style chemicals nothing; select .RIS or .RIS2 or .RIS3 or :3RIS;style chemicals stick;color identity;select .A:99 or .A:100 or .A:103 or .A:104 or .A:107 or .A:112 or .A:167 or .A:171 or .A:174 or .A:200 or .A:201 or .A:240 or .A:243 or .A:244 or .A:247 or .A:257 or .A:261; color #f3c393; zoom selection;set surface opacity 0.5;set surface Van der Waals surface;set mode all
|
||||||
PDB ID: 4Q23 The role of threonine 201 and tyrosine 204 in the human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase catalytic mechanism and the mode of inhibition by the nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates | ||||||
Method | X-ray diffraction | Resolution | 1.98 Å | Mutation | Yes | [5] |
PDB Sequence |
VYAQEKQDFV
18 QHFSQIVRVL28 TGHPEIGDAI42 ARLKEVLEYN52 AIGGKYNRGL62 TVVVAFRELV 72 EPRKQDADSL82 QRAWTVGWCV92 ELLQAFFLVA102 DDIMDSSLTR112 RGQICWYQKP 122 GVGLDAINDA132 NLLEACIYRL142 LKLYCREQPY152 YLNLIELFLQ162 SSYQTEIGQT 172 LDLLTAPQGN182 VDLVRFTEKR192 YKSIVKYKAA202 FYSFYLPIAA212 AMYMAGIDGE 222 KEHANAKKIL232 LEMGEFFQIQ242 DDYLDLFGDP252 SVTGKIGTDI262 QDNKCSWLVV 272 QCLQRATPEQ282 YQILKENYGQ292 KEAEKVARVK302 ALYEELDLPA312 VFLQYEEDSY 322 SHIMALIEQY332 AAPLPPAVFL342 GLARKIY
|
|||||
Click to Show 3D Structure of This Binding Site
set background white;style ions nothing; color 8e8e8e;style chemicals nothing; select .RIS or .RIS2 or .RIS3 or :3RIS;style chemicals stick;color identity;select .A:99 or .A:100 or .A:103 or .A:104 or .A:107 or .A:112 or .A:167 or .A:171 or .A:174 or .A:200 or .A:201 or .A:204 or .A:240 or .A:243 or .A:244 or .A:247 or .A:257 or .A:261; color #00ffc7; zoom selection;set surface opacity 0.5;set surface Van der Waals surface;set mode all
|
||||||
PDB ID: 4N9U The role of lysine 200 in the human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase catalytic mechanism and the mode of inhibition by the nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates | ||||||
Method | X-ray diffraction | Resolution | 2.11 Å | Mutation | Yes | [6] |
PDB Sequence |
DVYAQEKQDF
17 VQHFSQIVRV27 LTEHPEIGDA41 IARLKEVLEY51 NTIGGKYNRG61 LTVVVAFREL 71 VEPRKQDADS81 LQRAWTVGWC91 VELLQAFFLV101 ADDIMDSSLT111 RRGQICWYQK 121 PGVGLDAIND131 ANLLEACIYR141 LLKLYCREQP151 YYLNLIELFL161 QSSYQTEIGQ 171 TLDLLTAPQG181 NVDLVRFTEK191 RYKSIVKYGT201 AFYSFYLPIA211 AAMYMAGIDG 221 EKEHANAKKI231 LLEMGEFFQI241 QDDYLDLFGD251 PSVTGKIGTD261 IQDNKCSWLV 271 VQCLQRATPE281 QYQILKENYG291 QKEAEKVARV301 KALYEELDLP311 AVFLQYEEDS 321 YSHIMALIEQ331 YAAPLPPAVF341 LGLARKIY
|
|||||
Click to Show 3D Structure of This Binding Site
set background white;style ions nothing; color 8e8e8e;style chemicals nothing; select .RIS or .RIS2 or .RIS3 or :3RIS;style chemicals stick;color identity;select .A:99 or .A:100 or .A:103 or .A:104 or .A:107 or .A:112 or .A:167 or .A:171 or .A:200 or .A:201 or .A:204 or .A:240 or .A:243 or .A:244 or .A:247 or .A:257 or .A:261; color #f3c393; zoom selection;set surface opacity 0.5;set surface Van der Waals surface;set mode all
|
||||||
PDB ID: 4NG6 The effects of Lysine 200 and Phenylalanine 239 Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase (FPPS) mutations on the catalytic activity, crystal structure and inhibition by nitrogen containing bisphosphonates | ||||||
Method | X-ray diffraction | Resolution | 2.35 Å | Mutation | Yes | [7] |
PDB Sequence |
YAQEKQDFVQ
19 HFSQIVRVLT29 EDEMGHPEIG39 DAIARLKEVL49 EYNAIGGKYN59 RGLTVVVAFR 69 ELVEPRKQDA79 DSLQRAWTVG89 WCVELLQAFF99 LVADDIMDSS109 LTRRGQICWY 119 QKPGVGLDAI129 NDANLLEACI139 YRLLKLYCRE149 QPYYLNLIEL159 FLQSSYQTEI 169 GQTLDLLTAP179 QGNVDLVRFT189 EKRYKSIVKY199 LTAFYSFYLP209 IAAAMYMAGI 219 DGEKEHANAK229 KILLEMGEFF239 QIQDDYLDLF249 GDPSVTGKIG259 TDIQDNKCSW 269 LVVQCLQRAT279 PEQYQILKEN289 YGQKEAEKVA299 RVKALYEELD309 LPAVFLQYEE 319 DSYSHIMALI329 EQYAAPLPPA339 VFLGLARKIY349 KRRK
|
|||||
Click to Show 3D Structure of This Binding Site
set background white;style ions nothing; color 8e8e8e;style chemicals nothing; select .RIS or .RIS2 or .RIS3 or :3RIS;style chemicals stick;color identity;select .A:99 or .A:100 or .A:103 or .A:104 or .A:107 or .A:109 or .A:112 or .A:167 or .A:171 or .A:174 or .A:200 or .A:201 or .A:204 or .A:240 or .A:243 or .A:244 or .A:247 or .A:257 or .A:261; color #00ffc7; zoom selection;set surface opacity 0.5;set surface Van der Waals surface;set mode all
|
||||||
PDB ID: 2QIS Crystal structure of human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase T210S mutant bound to risedronate | ||||||
Method | X-ray diffraction | Resolution | 1.80 Å | Mutation | Yes | [8] |
PDB Sequence |
DVYAQEKQDF
31 VQHFSQIVRV41 LTEDEHPEIG53 DAIARLKEVL63 EYNAIGGKYN73 RGLTVVVAFR 83 ELVEPRKQDA93 DSLQRAWTVG103 WCVELLQAFF113 LVADDIMDSS123 LTRRGQICWY 133 QKPGVGLDAI143 NDANLLEACI153 YRLLKLYCRE163 QPYYLNLIEL173 FLQSSYQTEI 183 GQTLDLLTAP193 QGNVDLVRFT203 EKRYKSIVKY213 KSAFYSFYLP223 IAAAMYMAGI 233 DGEKEHANAK243 KILLEMGEFF253 QIQDDYLDLF263 GDPSVTGKIG273 TDIQDNKCSW 283 LVVQCLQRAT293 PEQYQILKEN303 YGQKEAEKVA313 RVKALYEELD323 LPAVFLQYEE 333 DSYSHIMALI343 EQYAAPLPPA353 VFLGLARKIY363
|
|||||
Click to Show 3D Structure of This Binding Site
set background white;style ions nothing; color 8e8e8e;style chemicals nothing; select .RIS or .RIS2 or .RIS3 or :3RIS;style chemicals stick;color identity;select .A:113 or .A:114 or .A:117 or .A:118 or .A:121 or .A:123 or .A:126 or .A:181 or .A:185 or .A:188 or .A:214 or .A:215 or .A:218 or .A:254 or .A:257 or .A:258 or .A:261 or .A:271 or .A:275; color #f3c393; zoom selection;set surface opacity 0.5;set surface Van der Waals surface;set mode all
|
||||||
PDB ID: 1YV5 Human farnesyl diphosphate synthase complexed with Mg and risedronate | ||||||
Method | X-ray diffraction | Resolution | 2.00 Å | Mutation | No | [9] |
PDB Sequence |
EKQDFVQHFS
36 QIVRVLTEDE46 HPEIGDAIAR58 LKEVLEYNAI68 GGKYNRGLTV78 VVAFRELVEP 88 RKQDADSLQR98 AWTVGWCVEL108 LQAFFLVADD118 IMDSSLTRRG128 QICWYQKPGV 138 GLDAINDANL148 LEACIYRLLK158 LYCREQPYYL168 NLIELFLQSS178 YQTEIGQTLD 188 LLTAPQGNVD198 LVRFTEKRYK208 SIVKYKTAFY218 SFYLPIAAAM228 YMAGIDGEKE 238 HANAKKILLE248 MGEFFQIQDD258 YLDLFGDPSV268 TGKIGTDIQD278 NKCSWLVVQC 288 LQRATPEQYQ298 ILKENYGQKE308 AEKVARVKAL318 YEELDLPAVF328 LQYEEDSYSH 338 IMALIEQYAA348 PLPPAVFLGL358 ARKIYK
|
|||||
Click to Show 3D Structure of This Binding Site
set background white;style ions nothing; color 8e8e8e;style chemicals nothing; select .RIS or .RIS2 or .RIS3 or :3RIS;style chemicals stick;color identity;select .A:113 or .A:114 or .A:117 or .A:118 or .A:121 or .A:123 or .A:126 or .A:181 or .A:185 or .A:188 or .A:214 or .A:215 or .A:218 or .A:254 or .A:257 or .A:258 or .A:261 or .A:271 or .A:275; color #00ffc7; zoom selection;set surface opacity 0.5;set surface Van der Waals surface;set mode all
|
||||||
PDB ID: 1YQ7 Human farnesyl diphosphate synthase complexed with risedronate | ||||||
Method | X-ray diffraction | Resolution | 2.20 Å | Mutation | No | [10] |
PDB Sequence |
EKQDFVQHFS
36 QIVRVLTEDE46 PEIGDAIARL59 KEVLEYNAIG69 GKYNRGLTVV79 VAFRELVEPR 89 KQDADSLQRA99 WTVGWCVELL109 QAFFLVADDI119 MDSSLTRRGQ129 ICWYQKPGVG 139 LDAINDANLL149 EACIYRLLKL159 YCREQPYYLN169 LIELFLQSSY179 QTEIGQTLDL 189 LTAPQGNVDL199 VRFTEKRYKS209 IVKYKTAFYS219 FYLPIAAAMY229 MAGIDGEKEH 239 ANAKKILLEM249 GEFFQIQDDY259 LDLFGDPSVT269 GKIGTDIQDN279 KCSWLVVQCL 289 QRATPEQYQI299 LKENYGQKEA309 EKVARVKALY319 EELDLPAVFL329 QYEEDSYSHI 339 MALIEQYAAP349 LPPAVFLGLA359 RKIY
|
|||||
Click to Show 3D Structure of This Binding Site
set background white;style ions nothing; color 8e8e8e;style chemicals nothing; select .RIS or .RIS2 or .RIS3 or :3RIS;style chemicals stick;color identity;select .A:113 or .A:114 or .A:117 or .A:118 or .A:121 or .A:123 or .A:126 or .A:181 or .A:185 or .A:188 or .A:214 or .A:215 or .A:218 or .A:254 or .A:257 or .A:261 or .A:271 or .A:275; color #f3c393; zoom selection;set surface opacity 0.5;set surface Van der Waals surface;set mode all
|
||||||
PDB ID: 5CG5 Neutron crystal structure of human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase in complex with risedronate | ||||||
Method | X-ray diffraction | Resolution | 1.40 Å | Mutation | No | [11] |
PDB Sequence |
DVYAQEKQDF
17 VQHFSQIVRV27 LTEDEMGHPE37 IGDAIARLKE47 VLEYNAIGGK57 YNRGLTVVVA 67 FRELVEPRKQ77 DADSLQRAWT87 VGWCVELLQA97 FFLVADDIMD107 SSLTRRGQIC 117 WYQKPGVGLD127 AINDANLLEA137 CIYRLLKLYC147 REQPYYLNLI157 ELFLQSSYQT 167 EIGQTLDLLT177 APQGNVDLVR187 FTEKRYKSIV197 KYKTAFYSFY207 LPIAAAMYMA 217 GIDGEKEHAN227 AKKILLEMGE237 FFQIQDDYLD247 LFGDPSVTGK257 IGTDIQDNKC 267 SWLVVQCLQR277 ATPEQYQILK287 ENYGQKEAEK297 VARVKALYEE307 LDLPAVFLQY 317 EEDSYSHIMA327 LIEQYAAPLP337 PAVFLGLARK347 IYK
|
|||||
Click to Show 3D Structure of This Binding Site
set background white;style ions nothing; color 8e8e8e;style chemicals nothing; select .RIS or .RIS2 or .RIS3 or :3RIS;style chemicals stick;color identity;select .A:99 or .A:100 or .A:103 or .A:104 or .A:107 or .A:109 or .A:112 or .A:167 or .A:171 or .A:174 or .A:200 or .A:201 or .A:204 or .A:240 or .A:243 or .A:244 or .A:247 or .A:257 or .A:261 or .A:266; color #00ffc7; zoom selection;set surface opacity 0.5;set surface Van der Waals surface;set mode all
|
PHE99
2.721
LEU100
2.673
ASP103
2.468
ASP104
4.429
ASP107
2.780
SER109
4.825
ARG112
1.861
THR167
2.716
GLN171
2.940
ASP174
4.649
|
|||||
PDB ID: 5CG6 Neutron crystal structure of human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase in complex with risedronate and isopentenyl pyrophosphate | ||||||
Method | X-ray diffraction | Resolution | 1.70 Å | Mutation | No | [11] |
PDB Sequence |
DVYAQEKQDF
17 VQHFSQIVRV27 LTEDEMGHPE37 IGDAIARLKE47 VLEYNAIGGK57 YNRGLTVVVA 67 FRELVEPRKQ77 DADSLQRAWT87 VGWCVELLQA97 FFLVADDIMD107 SSLTRRGQIC 117 WYQKPGVGLD127 AINDANLLEA137 CIYRLLKLYC147 REQPYYLNLI157 ELFLQSSYQT 167 EIGQTLDLLT177 APQGNVDLVR187 FTEKRYKSIV197 KYKTAFYSFY207 LPIAAAMYMA 217 GIDGEKEHAN227 AKKILLEMGE237 FFQIQDDYLD247 LFGDPSVTGK257 IGTDIQDNKC 267 SWLVVQCLQR277 ATPEQYQILK287 ENYGQKEAEK297 VARVKALYEE307 LDLPAVFLQY 317 EEDSYSHIMA327 LIEQYAAPLP337 PAVFLGLARK347 IYK
|
|||||
Click to Show 3D Structure of This Binding Site
set background white;style ions nothing; color 8e8e8e;style chemicals nothing; select .RIS or .RIS2 or .RIS3 or :3RIS;style chemicals stick;color identity;select .A:99 or .A:100 or .A:103 or .A:104 or .A:107 or .A:109 or .A:112 or .A:167 or .A:171 or .A:174 or .A:200 or .A:201 or .A:204 or .A:205 or .A:240 or .A:243 or .A:244 or .A:247 or .A:257 or .A:261 or .A:266; color #f3c393; zoom selection;set surface opacity 0.5;set surface Van der Waals surface;set mode all
|
PHE99
2.742
LEU100
2.734
ASP103
2.419
ASP104
4.323
ASP107
2.756
SER109
4.982
ARG112
1.825
THR167
3.071
GLN171
3.026
ASP174
4.580
LYS200
1.728
|
References | Top | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
REF 1 | The effects of Lysine 200 and Phenylalanine 239 Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase (FPPS) mutations on the catalytic activity, crystal structure and inhibition by nitrogen containing bisphosphonates | ||||
REF 2 | The effects of Lysine 200 and Phenylalanine 239 Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase (FPPS) mutations on the catalytic activity, crystal structure and inhibition by nitrogen containing bisphosphonates | ||||
REF 3 | Crystal Structure of Human Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase (Y204F) Mutant Complexed with Mg, Risedronate and Isopentenyl Pyrophosphate | ||||
REF 4 | Crystal Structure of Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase Mutant (Y204A) Complexed with Mg, Risedronate and Isopentenyl Pyrophosphate | ||||
REF 5 | The role of threonine 201 and tyrosine 204 in the human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase catalytic mechanism and the mode of inhibition by the nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates | ||||
REF 6 | The role of lysine 200 in the human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase catalytic mechanism and the mode of inhibition by the nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates | ||||
REF 7 | The effects of Lysine 200 and Phenylalanine 239 Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase (FPPS) mutations on the catalytic activity, crystal structure and inhibition by nitrogen containing bisphosphonates | ||||
REF 8 | Crystal structure of human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase T210S mutant bound to risedronate. | ||||
REF 9 | The molecular mechanism of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates as antiosteoporosis drugs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 May 16;103(20):7829-34. | ||||
REF 10 | Human farnesyl diphosphate complexed with clinical inhibitor risedronate | ||||
REF 11 | Protonation State and Hydration of Bisphosphonate Bound to Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase. J Med Chem. 2015 Sep 24;58(18):7549-56. |
If You Find Any Error in Data or Bug in Web Service, Please Kindly Report It to Dr. Zhou and Dr. Zhang.