Drug Information
| Drug General Information | Top | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drug ID |
D0A2ZX
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| Former ID |
DAP000534
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| Drug Name |
Metronidazole
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| Synonyms |
APMN; Acromona; Anagiardil; Arilin; Atrivyl; Bexon; CONT; Clont; Danizol; Deflamon; Efloran; Elyzol; Entizol; Eumin; Flagemona; Flagesol; Flagil; Flagyl; Flegyl; Florazole; Fossyol; Giatricol; Gineflavir; Giniflavir; Klion; Klont; Meronidal; Methronidazole; Metric; MetroCream; MetroGel; MetroLotion; Metrodzhil; Metrogyl; Metrolag; Metrolyl; Metromidol; Metronidaz; Metronidazol; Metronidazolo; Metronidazolum; Metrotop; Metrozine; Metryl; Mexibol; Monagyl; Monasin; NIDA; Nalox; Nidagel; Noritate; Novonidazol; Orvagil; Protostat; Rathimed; Rosased; Sanatrichom; Satric; Takimetol; Trichazol; Trichex; Trichocide; Trichomol; Trichopal; Trichopol; Tricocet; Tricom; Trikacide; Trikamon; Trikojol; Trikozol; Trimeks; Trivazol; Vagilen; Vagimid; Vandazole; Vertisal; Wagitran; Zadstat; Zidoval; Flagyl Er; Ginefla vir; METRONIDAZOLE USP; Metro Cream; Metro Gel; Metronidazole Monohydrochloride; Metronidazole Phosphoester; Metronidazole in Plastic Container; Metronidazolo [DCIT]; Tricho cordes; Trichomonacid pharmachim; Tricowas B; Bayer 5360; Flagyl 375; M0924; Metric 21; RP 8823; SC 10295; Anabact (TN); Apo-Metronidazole; Deflamon-wirkstoff; Flagyl (TN); IDR-90105; METRO I.V; MetroGel (TN); MetroGel-Vaginal; Metronidazol [INN-Spanish]; Metronidazolum [INN-Latin]; Mexibol (silanes); Neo-Tric; Noritate (TN); RP-8823; Rozex (TN); Tricho-gynaedron; ZERO/004064; CB-01-14 MMX; FLAGYL I.V. RTU IN PLASTIC CONTAINER; Flagyl I.V.; Flagyl I.V. RTU; Metro I.V.; Metro I.V. In Plastic Container; Metrogel-vaginal (TN); Metronidazole (JP15/USP/INN); Metronidazole [USAN:INN:BAN:JAN]; Methyl-5-nitroimidazole-1-ethanol; 1-Hydroxyethyl-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole; 2-(2-methyl-5-nitroimidazol-1-yl)ethanol; 2-Methyl-5-nitro-1-imidazoleethanol; 2-Methyl-5-nitroimidazole-1-ethanol; MNZ
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| Drug Type |
Small molecular drug
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| Indication | Amoebiasis [ICD-11: 1A36; ICD-10: A06, A06.9; ICD-9: 6] | Approved | [1] | |
| Crohn disease [ICD-11: DD70; ICD-10: K50, K50.9; ICD-9: 555] | Phase 3 | [2] | ||
| Perianal crohn disease [ICD-11: DD70.4] | Phase 3 | [3] | ||
| Therapeutic Class |
Antiinfective Agents
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| Company |
Pfizer Pharmaceuticals
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| Structure |
 |
Download2D MOL |
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| Formula |
C6H9N3O3
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| Canonical SMILES |
CC1=NC=C(N1CCO)[N+](=O)[O-]
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| InChI |
1S/C6H9N3O3/c1-5-7-4-6(9(11)12)8(5)2-3-10/h4,10H,2-3H2,1H3
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| InChIKey |
VAOCPAMSLUNLGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| CAS Number |
CAS 443-48-1
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| PubChem Compound ID | ||||
| PubChem Substance ID |
9412, 102189, 113379, 603052, 855672, 929590, 3138895, 4904671, 7481998, 7735852, 7847475, 7885193, 7979979, 8149429, 8152613, 10321393, 10523004, 10590514, 11112343, 11335182, 11360421, 11363929, 11366491, 11369053, 11371631, 11373698, 11377215, 11380270, 11447858, 11461393, 11466109, 11467229, 11484402, 11485677, 11488699, 11490322, 11491875, 11494849, 14748179, 17389815, 24870198, 24896667, 24896871, 24897314, 26611824, 26679371, 26683761, 26719631, 26746949, 26746950
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| ChEBI ID |
CHEBI:6909
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| ADReCS Drug ID | BADD_D01449 | |||
| SuperDrug ATC ID |
A01AB17; D06BX01; G01AF01; J01XD01; P01AB01
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| SuperDrug CAS ID |
cas=000443481
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| Interaction between the Drug and Microbe | Top | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Metabolism of Drug Affected by Studied Microbe(s) | ||||
| The Order in the Taxonomic Hierarchy of the following Microbe(s): Eubacteriales | ||||
|
Studied Microbe: Clostridium perfringens
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[4] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Metabolic Reaction | Reduction | |||
| Resulting Metabolite | N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-oxamic acid; acetamide | |||
| Metabolic Effect | Decrease activity | |||
| Description | Metronidazole can be metabolized to N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-oxamic acid and acetamide by Clostridium perfringens through reduction, which results in the decrease of the drug's activity. | |||
| The Order in the Taxonomic Hierarchy of the following Microbe(s): Gut microbiota | ||||
| Studied Microbe: Anaerobic bacterium unspecific | [5], [6] | |||
| Metabolic Reaction | Reductive modification | |||
| Resulting Metabolite | N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-oxamic acid; acetamide | |||
| Description | Metronidazole can be metabolized to N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-oxamic acid and acetamide by unspecific Anaerobic bacterium through reductive modification. | |||
| Studied Microbe: Gut microbiota unspecific | [7] | |||
| Metabolic Reaction | C-N reduction and ring fission | |||
| Resulting Metabolite | N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-oxamic acid; acetamide | |||
| Metabolic Effect | Increase toxicity (liver toxicity) | |||
| Description | Metronidazole can be metabolized to N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-oxamic acid and acetamide by gut microbiota through C-N reduction and ring fission, which results in the increase of the drug's toxicity (liver toxicity). | |||
| Studied Microbe: Gut microbiota unspecific | [8] | |||
| Metabolic Reaction | Nitroreduction | |||
| Resulting Metabolite | 1-(2-aminoimidazol-1-yl)-3 methoxypropanol-2-ol; acetamide | |||
| Metabolic Effect | Induce carcinogenicity | |||
| Description | Metronidazole can be metabolized to 1-(2-aminoimidazol-1-yl)-3 methoxypropanol-2-ol; acetamide by gut microbiota through nitroreduction, which results in the induction of the drug's carcinogenicity. | |||
| The Abundace of Studied Microbe(s) Regulated by Drug | ||||
| The Order in the Taxonomic Hierarchy of the following Microbe(s): Bacteroidales | ||||
|
Studied Microbe: Alistipes
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|
[9] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experimental Species | C57BL/6 mice | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Healthy | |||
| Description | The abundance of Alistipes was decreased by Metronidazole. | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Alistipes
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|
[10] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Crohn disease | |||
| Description | The abundance of Alistipes was decreased by Metronidazole (p < 0.05). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Alistipes putredinis
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|
[10] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Crohn disease | |||
| Description | The abundance of Alistipes putredinis was decreased by Metronidazole (p < 0.05). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bacteroides
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|
[9] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experimental Species | C57BL/6 mice | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Healthy | |||
| Description | The abundance of Bacteroides was decreased by Metronidazole. | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bacteroides
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|
[10] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Crohn disease | |||
| Description | The abundance of Bacteroides was decreased by Metronidazole (p < 0.05). | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Bacteroides
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|
[11] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Helicobacter pylori infection | |||
| Description | The abundance of Bacteroides was decreased by Combination of omeprazole, clarithromycin and metronidazole. | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bacteroides caccae
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|
[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Bacteroides caccae was decreased by Metronidazole (adjusted p-values: 5.04E-06). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bacteroides caccae
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|
[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Bacteroides caccae was decreased by Ronidazole (adjusted p-values: 5.04E-06). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bacteroides caccae
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|
[10] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Crohn disease | |||
| Description | The abundance of Bacteroides caccae was decreased by Metronidazole (p < 0.05). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxigenic
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|
[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxigenic was decreased by Metronidazole (adjusted p-values: 6.24E-06). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxigenic
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|
[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxigenic was decreased by Ronidazole (adjusted p-values: 1.22E-05). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bacteroides fragilis nontoxigenic
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[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Bacteroides fragilis nontoxigenic was decreased by Metronidazole (adjusted p-values: 1.22E-05). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bacteroides fragilis nontoxigenic
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|
[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Bacteroides fragilis nontoxigenic was decreased by Ronidazole (adjusted p-values: 7.03E-06). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bacteroides ovatus
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[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Bacteroides ovatus was decreased by Metronidazole (adjusted p-values: 5.04E-06). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bacteroides ovatus
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|
[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Bacteroides ovatus was decreased by Ronidazole (adjusted p-values: 5.04E-06). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
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|
[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron was decreased by Metronidazole (adjusted p-values: 1.07E-05). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
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|
[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron was decreased by Ronidazole (adjusted p-values: 2.38E-03). | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Bacteroides uniformis
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|
[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Bacteroides uniformis was decreased by Metronidazole (adjusted p-values: 6.54E-07). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bacteroides uniformis
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|
[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Bacteroides uniformis was decreased by Ronidazole (adjusted p-values: 8.28E-07). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bacteroides vulgatus
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|
[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Bacteroides vulgatus was decreased by Metronidazole (adjusted p-values: 2.00E-06). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bacteroides vulgatus
Show/Hide Hierarchy
|
[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Bacteroides vulgatus was decreased by Ronidazole (adjusted p-values: 2.02E-06). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bacteroides vulgatus
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|
[10] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Crohn disease | |||
| Description | The abundance of Bacteroides vulgatus was decreased by Metronidazole (p < 0.05). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bacteroides xylanisolvens
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[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Bacteroides xylanisolvens was decreased by Metronidazole (adjusted p-values: 6.65E-07). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bacteroides xylanisolvens
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|
[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Bacteroides xylanisolvens was decreased by Ronidazole (adjusted p-values: 4.93E-07). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Barnesiella
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|
[9] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experimental Species | C57BL/6 mice | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Healthy | |||
| Description | The abundance of Barnesiella was decreased by Metronidazole. | |||
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Studied Microbe: Odoribacter splanchnicus
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|
[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Odoribacter splanchnicus was decreased by Metronidazole (adjusted p-values: 5.04E-06). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Odoribacter splanchnicus
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|
[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Odoribacter splanchnicus was decreased by Ronidazole (adjusted p-values: 1.23E-05). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Parabacteroides distasonis
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|
[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Parabacteroides distasonis was decreased by Metronidazole (adjusted p-values: 1.12E-06). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Parabacteroides distasonis
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|
[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Parabacteroides distasonis was decreased by Ronidazole (adjusted p-values: 1.62E-06). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Parabacteroides merdae
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|
[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Parabacteroides merdae was decreased by Metronidazole (adjusted p-values: 4.93E-07). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Parabacteroides merdae
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|
[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Parabacteroides merdae was decreased by Ronidazole (adjusted p-values: 5.04E-06). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Porphyromonadaceae
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|
[9] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experimental Species | C57BL/6 mice | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Healthy | |||
| Description | The abundance of Porphyromonadaceae was decreased by Metronidazole. | |||
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Studied Microbe: Prevotella copri
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|
[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Prevotella copri was decreased by Metronidazole (adjusted p-values: 3.58E-05). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Prevotella copri
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|
[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Prevotella copri was decreased by Ronidazole (adjusted p-values: 3.87E-05). | |||
| The Order in the Taxonomic Hierarchy of the following Microbe(s): Bifidobacteriales | ||||
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Studied Microbe: Bifidobacterium
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|
[9] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Increase | |||
| Experimental Species | C57BL/6 mice | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Healthy | |||
| Description | The abundance of Bifidobacterium was increased by Metronidazole. | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bifidobacterium
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|
[10] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Increase | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Crohn disease | |||
| Description | The abundance of Bifidobacterium was increased by Metronidazole (p < 0.05). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bifidobacterium
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|
[11] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Helicobacter pylori infection | |||
| Description | The abundance of Bifidobacterium was decreased by Combination of omeprazole, clarithromycin and metronidazole. | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bifidobacterium
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|
[13] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Increase | |||
| Experimental Species | Wistar-Han rat | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Healthy | |||
| Description | The abundance of Bifidobacterium was increased by Metronidazole (p < 0.0001). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bifidobacterium adolescentis
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[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Bifidobacterium adolescentis was decreased by Ronidazole (adjusted p-values: 6.71E-06). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Bifidobacterium longum
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[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Bifidobacterium longum was decreased by Ronidazole (adjusted p-values: 5.04E-06). | |||
| The Order in the Taxonomic Hierarchy of the following Microbe(s): Coriobacteriales | ||||
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Studied Microbe: Collinsella
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|
[14] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Dyspeptic disorder | |||
| Description | The abundance of Collinsella was decreased by Combination of clarithromycin and metronidazole. | |||
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Studied Microbe: Collinsella aerofaciens
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[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Collinsella aerofaciens was decreased by Metronidazole (adjusted p-values: 4.93E-07). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Collinsella aerofaciens
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|
[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Collinsella aerofaciens was decreased by Ronidazole (adjusted p-values: 4.93E-07). | |||
| The Order in the Taxonomic Hierarchy of the following Microbe(s): Eggerthellales | ||||
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Studied Microbe: Eggerthella lenta
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|
[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Eggerthella lenta was decreased by Metronidazole (adjusted p-values: 5.55E-06). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Eggerthella lenta
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|
[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Eggerthella lenta was decreased by Ronidazole (adjusted p-values: 1.09E-03). | |||
| The Order in the Taxonomic Hierarchy of the following Microbe(s): Enterobacterales | ||||
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Studied Microbe: Citrobacter
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|
[11] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Increase | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Helicobacter pylori infection | |||
| Description | The abundance of Citrobacter was increased by Combination of omeprazole, amoxicillin and metronidazole. | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Enterobacteria
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|
[13] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Increase | |||
| Experimental Species | Wistar-Han rat | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Healthy | |||
| Description | The abundance of Enterobacterial was increased by Metronidazole (p < 0.0001). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Enterobacteriaceae
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|
[10] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Increase | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Crohn disease | |||
| Description | The abundance of Enterobacteriaceae was increased by Metronidazole (p < 0.05). | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Enterobacteriaceae
Show/Hide Hierarchy
|
[11] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Increase | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Helicobacter pylori infection | |||
| Description | The abundance of Enterobacteriaceae was increased by Combination of omeprazole, amoxicillin and metronidazole. | |||
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Studied Microbe: Escherichia
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|
[9] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Increase | |||
| Experimental Species | C57BL/6 mice | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Healthy | |||
| Description | The abundance of Escherichia was increased by Metronidazole. | |||
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Studied Microbe: Klebsiella
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[10] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Increase | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Crohn disease | |||
| Description | The abundance of Klebsiella was increased by Metronidazole (p < 0.05). | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Klebsiella
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|
[11] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Increase | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Helicobacter pylori infection | |||
| Description | The abundance of Klebsiella was increased by Combination of omeprazole, amoxicillin and metronidazole. | |||
| The Order in the Taxonomic Hierarchy of the following Microbe(s): Erysipelotrichales | ||||
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Studied Microbe: Erysipelatoclostridium ramosum
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|
[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Erysipelatoclostridium ramosum was decreased by Metronidazole (adjusted p-values: 1.82E-05). | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Erysipelatoclostridium ramosum
Show/Hide Hierarchy
|
[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Erysipelatoclostridium ramosum was decreased by Ronidazole (adjusted p-values: 5.63E-06). | |||
| The Order in the Taxonomic Hierarchy of the following Microbe(s): Eubacteriales | ||||
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Studied Microbe: Blautia faecis
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[10] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Crohn disease | |||
| Description | The abundance of Blautia faecis was decreased by Metronidazole (p < 0.05). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Blautia obeum
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[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Blautia obeum was decreased by Metronidazole (adjusted p-values: 7.48E-07). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Blautia obeum
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[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Blautia obeum was decreased by Ronidazole (adjusted p-values: 1.47E-06). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Clostridiaceae
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[13] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experimental Species | Wistar-Han rat | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Healthy | |||
| Description | The abundance of Clostridiaceae was decreased by Metronidazole. | |||
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Studied Microbe: Clostridioides difficile
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[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Clostridioides difficile was decreased by Metronidazole (adjusted p-values: 1.20E-05). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Clostridioides difficile
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[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Clostridioides difficile was decreased by Ronidazole (adjusted p-values: 2.13E-05). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Clostridium
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[11] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Helicobacter pylori infection | |||
| Description | The abundance of Clostridium was decreased by Combination of omeprazole, clarithromycin and metronidazole. | |||
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Studied Microbe: Clostridium difficile
Show/Hide Hierarchy
|
[11] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | No significant change | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Helicobacter pylori infection | |||
| Description | The abundance of Clostridium difficile was not significantly changed by Combination of omeprazole, clarithromycin and metronidazole. | |||
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Studied Microbe: Clostridium perfringens
Show/Hide Hierarchy
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[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Clostridium perfringens was decreased by Metronidazole (adjusted p-values: 5.51E-07). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Clostridium perfringens
Show/Hide Hierarchy
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[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Clostridium perfringens was decreased by Ronidazole (adjusted p-values: 5.51E-07). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Coprococcus
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[10] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Crohn disease | |||
| Description | The abundance of Coprococcus was decreased by Metronidazole (p < 0.05). | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Coprococcus comes
Show/Hide Hierarchy
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[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Coprococcus comes was decreased by Metronidazole (adjusted p-values: 8.67E-06). | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Coprococcus comes
Show/Hide Hierarchy
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[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Coprococcus comes was decreased by Ronidazole (adjusted p-values: 5.04E-06). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Dorea formicigenerans
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[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Dorea formicigenerans was decreased by Metronidazole (adjusted p-values: 5.92E-06). | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Dorea formicigenerans
Show/Hide Hierarchy
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[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Dorea formicigenerans was decreased by Ronidazole (adjusted p-values: 5.04E-06). | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Dorea formicigenerans
Show/Hide Hierarchy
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[10] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Crohn disease | |||
| Description | The abundance of Dorea formicigenerans was decreased by Metronidazole (p < 0.05). | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Enterocloster bolteae
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[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Enterocloster bolteae was decreased by Metronidazole (adjusted p-values: 1.15E-05). | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Enterocloster bolteae
Show/Hide Hierarchy
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[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Enterocloster bolteae was decreased by Ronidazole (adjusted p-values: 1.10E-03). | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Eubacterium eligens
Show/Hide Hierarchy
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[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Eubacterium eligens was decreased by Metronidazole (adjusted p-values: 6.14E-06). | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Eubacterium eligens
Show/Hide Hierarchy
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[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Eubacterium eligens was decreased by Ronidazole (adjusted p-values: 1.11E-05). | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Eubacterium rectale
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[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Eubacterium rectale was decreased by Metronidazole (adjusted p-values: 3.46E-04). | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Eubacterium rectale
Show/Hide Hierarchy
|
[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Eubacterium rectale was decreased by Ronidazole (adjusted p-values: 1.68E-04). | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Faecalibacterium prausnitzii
Show/Hide Hierarchy
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[10] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Crohn disease | |||
| Description | The abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii was decreased by Metronidazole (p < 0.05). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Lachnoclostridium
Show/Hide Hierarchy
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[10] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Crohn disease | |||
| Description | The abundance of Lachnoclostridium was decreased by Metronidazole (p < 0.05). | |||
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Studied Microbe: Lachnospiraceae
Show/Hide Hierarchy
|
[10] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Crohn disease | |||
| Description | The abundance of Lachnospiraceae was decreased by Metronidazole (p < 0.05). | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Lachnospiraceae
Show/Hide Hierarchy
|
[13] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experimental Species | Wistar-Han rat | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Healthy | |||
| Description | The abundance of Lachnospiraceae was decreased by Metronidazole (p < 0.05). | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Lacrimispora saccharolytica
Show/Hide Hierarchy
|
[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Lacrimispora saccharolytica was decreased by Metronidazole (adjusted p-values: 5.77E-07). | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Lacrimispora saccharolytica
Show/Hide Hierarchy
|
[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Lacrimispora saccharolytica was decreased by Ronidazole (adjusted p-values: 1.16E-06). | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Oscillibacter
Show/Hide Hierarchy
|
[13] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experimental Species | Wistar-Han rat | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Healthy | |||
| Description | The abundance of Oscillibacter was decreased by Metronidazole (p < 0.02). | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Peptostreptococcus
Show/Hide Hierarchy
|
[11] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Increase | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Helicobacter pylori infection | |||
| Description | The abundance of Peptostreptococcus was increased by Combination of omeprazole, amoxicillin and metronidazole. | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Peptostreptococcus
Show/Hide Hierarchy
|
[11] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | No significant change | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Helicobacter pylori infection | |||
| Description | The abundance of Peptostreptococcus was not significantly changed by Combination of omeprazole, clarithromycin and metronidazole. | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Roseburia hominis
Show/Hide Hierarchy
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[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Roseburia hominis was decreased by Metronidazole (adjusted p-values: 3.81E-05). | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Roseburia hominis
Show/Hide Hierarchy
|
[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Roseburia hominis was decreased by Ronidazole (adjusted p-values: 1.50E-03). | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Roseburia intestinalis
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[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Roseburia intestinalis was decreased by Metronidazole (adjusted p-values: 1.45E-04). | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Roseburia intestinalis
Show/Hide Hierarchy
|
[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Roseburia intestinalis was decreased by Ronidazole (adjusted p-values: 1.26E-04). | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Ruminococcus
Show/Hide Hierarchy
|
[14] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Dyspeptic disorder | |||
| Description | The abundance of Ruminococcus was decreased by Combination of clarithromycin and metronidazole. | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Ruminococcus bromii
Show/Hide Hierarchy
|
[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Ruminococcus bromii was decreased by Metronidazole (adjusted p-values: 9.05E-06). | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Ruminococcus bromii
Show/Hide Hierarchy
|
[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Ruminococcus bromii was decreased by Ronidazole (adjusted p-values: 5.04E-06). | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Ruminococcus gnavus
Show/Hide Hierarchy
|
[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Ruminococcus gnavus was decreased by Metronidazole (adjusted p-values: 6.66E-05). | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Ruminococcus gnavus
Show/Hide Hierarchy
|
[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Ruminococcus gnavus was decreased by Ronidazole (adjusted p-values: 5.72E-06). | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Ruminococcus torques
Show/Hide Hierarchy
|
[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Ruminococcus torques was decreased by Metronidazole (adjusted p-values: 6.45E-07). | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Ruminococcus torques
Show/Hide Hierarchy
|
[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Ruminococcus torques was decreased by Ronidazole (adjusted p-values: 6.63E-07). | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Terrisporobacter
Show/Hide Hierarchy
|
[10] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Crohn disease | |||
| Description | The abundance of Terrisporobacter was decreased by Metronidazole (p < 0.05). | |||
| The Order in the Taxonomic Hierarchy of the following Microbe(s): Lactobacillales | ||||
|
Studied Microbe: Enterococcus
Show/Hide Hierarchy
|
[10] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Increase | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Crohn disease | |||
| Description | The abundance of Enterococcus was increased by Metronidazole (p < 0.05). | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Enterococcus
Show/Hide Hierarchy
|
[11] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Increase | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Helicobacter pylori infection | |||
| Description | The abundance of Enterococcus was increased by Combination of omeprazole, amoxicillin and metronidazole. | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Enterococcus
Show/Hide Hierarchy
|
[11] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Increase | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Helicobacter pylori infection | |||
| Description | The abundance of Enterococcus was increased by Combination of omeprazole, clarithromycin and metronidazole. | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Enterococcus
Show/Hide Hierarchy
|
[13] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Increase | |||
| Experimental Species | Wistar-Han rat | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Healthy | |||
| Description | The abundance of Enterococcus was increased by Metronidazole (p < 0.0003). | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Lactobacillus
Show/Hide Hierarchy
|
[9] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Increase | |||
| Experimental Species | C57BL/6 mice | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Healthy | |||
| Description | The abundance of Lactobacillus was increased by Metronidazole. | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Streptococcus
Show/Hide Hierarchy
|
[10] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Increase | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Crohn disease | |||
| Description | The abundance of Streptococcus was increased by Metronidazole (p < 0.05). | |||
| The Order in the Taxonomic Hierarchy of the following Microbe(s): Pseudomonadales | ||||
|
Studied Microbe: Pseudomonas
Show/Hide Hierarchy
|
[9] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Increase | |||
| Experimental Species | C57BL/6 mice | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Healthy | |||
| Description | The abundance of Pseudomonas was increased by Metronidazole. | |||
| The Order in the Taxonomic Hierarchy of the following Microbe(s): Veillonellales | ||||
|
Studied Microbe: Veillonella
Show/Hide Hierarchy
|
[10] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Crohn disease | |||
| Description | The abundance of Veillonella was decreased by Metronidazole (p < 0.05). | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Veillonella
Show/Hide Hierarchy
|
[11] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | No significant change | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Helicobacter pylori infection | |||
| Description | The abundance of Veillonella was not significantly changed by Combination of omeprazole, clarithromycin and metronidazole. | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Veillonella parvula
Show/Hide Hierarchy
|
[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Veillonella parvula was decreased by Metronidazole (adjusted p-values: 5.04E-06). | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Veillonella parvula
Show/Hide Hierarchy
|
[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Veillonella parvula was decreased by Ronidazole (adjusted p-values: 5.04E-06). | |||
| The Order in the Taxonomic Hierarchy of the following Microbe(s): Verrucomicrobiales | ||||
|
Studied Microbe: Akkermansia
Show/Hide Hierarchy
|
[9] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experimental Species | C57BL/6 mice | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Healthy | |||
| Description | The abundance of Akkermansia was decreased by Metronidazole. | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Akkermansia muciniphila
Show/Hide Hierarchy
|
[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila was decreased by Metronidazole (adjusted p-values: 2.07E-03). | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Akkermansia muciniphila
Show/Hide Hierarchy
|
[12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experiment Method | High-throughput screening | |||
| Description | The abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila was decreased by Ronidazole (adjusted p-values: 1.66E-06). | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Akkermansia muciniphila
Show/Hide Hierarchy
|
[13] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Increase | |||
| Experimental Species | Wistar-Han rat | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Healthy | |||
| Description | The abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila was increased by Metronidazole (p < 0.003). | |||
| The Order in the Taxonomic Hierarchy of the following Microbe(s): Gut microbiota | ||||
|
Studied Microbe: Bacteroidales
Show/Hide Hierarchy
|
[15] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experimental Species | C57BL/6 mice | Experimental Sample | Distal colon tissue | |
| Disease or Condition | Healthy | |||
| Description | The abundance of anaerobic Bacteroidales was decreased by Metronidazole. | |||
| Drug Resistance Mutation (DRM) | Top | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DRM | DRM Info | |||
| Target and Pathway | Top | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target(s) | Bacterial Deoxyribonucleic acid (Bact DNA) | Target Info | Modulator | [16] |
| References | Top | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| REF 1 | FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (NDA) 018517. | |||
| REF 2 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00509639) Evaluation of Topical 10% Metronidazole Ointment for the Treatment of Active Perianal Crohn's Disease. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||
| REF 3 | Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) | |||
| REF 4 | Gut microbiota modulates drug pharmacokinetics. Drug Metab Rev. 2018 Aug;50(3):357-368. | |||
| REF 5 | Human gut microbiota plays a role in the metabolism of drugs. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2016 Sep;160(3):317-26. | |||
| REF 6 | The anaerobic metabolism of metronidazole forms N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-oxamic acid. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1979 Mar;208(3):406-10. | |||
| REF 7 | The influence of gut microbiota on drug metabolism and toxicity. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2016;12(1):31-40. | |||
| REF 8 | Acetamide--a metabolite of metronidazole formed by the intestinal flora. Biochem Pharmacol. 1979 Dec 15;28(24):3611-5. | |||
| REF 9 | Antibiotic-Induced Alterations of the Murine Gut Microbiota and Subsequent Effects on Colonization Resistance against Clostridium difficile. mBio. 2015 Jul 14;6(4):e00974. | |||
| REF 10 | Treatment-Specific Composition of the Gut Microbiota Is Associated With Disease Remission in a Pediatric Crohn's Disease Cohort. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2019 Nov 14;25(12):1927-1938. | |||
| REF 11 | Comparative effects of omeprazole, amoxycillin plus metronidazole versus omeprazole, clarithromycin plus metronidazole on the oral, gastric and intestinal microflora in Helicobacter pylori-infected patients. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1999 Nov;44(5):629-40. | |||
| REF 12 | Extensive impact of non-antibiotic drugs on human gut bacteria. Nature. 2018 Mar 29;555(7698):623-628. | |||
| REF 13 | Oral administration of viable Bifidobacterium pseudolongum strain Patronus modified colonic microbiota and increased mucus layer thickness in rat. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2018 Nov 1;94(11). | |||
| REF 14 | Short-term antibiotic treatment has differing long-term impacts on the human throat and gut microbiome. PLoS One. 2010 Mar 24;5(3):e9836. | |||
| REF 15 | Antibiotic treatment alters the colonic mucus layer and predisposes the host to exacerbated Citrobacter rodentium-induced colitis. Infect Immun. 2011 Apr;79(4):1536-45. | |||
| REF 16 | DNA breakage due to metronidazole treatment. Mutat Res. 2001 Jul 1;478(1-2):153-8. | |||
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