Drug General Information
Drug ID D0G3DL
Drug Name Rifampin
Synonyms Abrifam; Archidyn; Arficin; Arzide; Benemicin; Benemycin; Dipicin; Doloresum; Eremfat; Famcin; Fenampicin; RFP; RMP; Ramp; Rifa; Rifadin; Rifadine; Rifagen; Rifaldazin; Rifaldazine; Rifaldin; Rifam; Rifamor; Rifampicin; Rifampicina; Rifampicine; Rifampicinum; Rifamsolin; Rifaprodin; Rifcin; Rifinah; Rifobac; Rifoldin; Rifoldine; Riforal; Rimactan; Rimactane; Rimactazid; Rimactizid; Rimazid; Rimycin; Sinerdol; Tubocin; Rifamicin AMP; Rifampicin SV; Rifampicine [French]; Rifampin [USAN]; Rifamycin AMP; Ba 41166; AZT + Rifampin; BA-41166E; Ba 41166/E; DRG-0109; Dione 21-acetate; L-5103; L-5103 Lepetit; Piperine & Rifampicin; R-Cin; R/AMP; Reserpine & Rifampicin; Rifadin (TN); Rifadin I.V; Rifampicin & EEP; Rifampicin & Propolis; Rifampicina [INN-Spanish]; Rifampicinum [INN-Latin]; Rifampin (USP); Rimactan (TN); Rimactane (TN); Rimycin (TN); Sinerdol (TN); Tubocin (TN); Rifadin I.V.; Rifampicin (JP15/INN); Rifampicin[INN:BAN:JAN]; Rifadin, Rimactane, Rifampicin, Rifampin; 1-b]furan-21-yl acetate; 3-(((4-Methyl-1-piperazinyl)imino)-methyl)rifamycin; 3-(((4-Methyl-1-piperazinyl)imino)methyl)rifamycin SV; 3-(4-Methylpiperazinyliminomethyl)-rifamycin SV; 3-(4-Methylpiperazinyliminomethyl)rifamycin SV; 3-([(4-Methyl-1-piperazinyl)imino]methyl)rifamycin SV; 3-[(4-Methyl-1-piperazinyl)iminomethyl]rifamycin SV; 3-[[(4-Methyl-1-piperazinyl)imino]-methyl]rifamycin; 8-(((4-Methyl-1-piperazinyl)imino)methyl)rifamycin SV; 8-(4-Methylpiperazinyliminomethyl) rifamycin SV; 8-[[(4-Methyl-1-piperazinyl)imino[methyl]rifamycin; 8-[[(4-Methyl-1-piperazinyl)imino]methyl]rifamycin sv; 8-[[(4-Methylpiperazinyl)imino]methyl]rifamycin sv; 8CI)
Drug Type Small molecular drug
Therapeutic Class Antituberculosis Agents
Company Norvatis Phamaceuticals Corporation
Structure D0G3DL
Drug Resistance Mutations
Target Name Bacterial Probable arabinosyltransferase C (embB) Target Info
Gene Name embB
Uniprot ID EMBB_MYCTU
Species Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Reference Sequence MTQCASRRKSTPNRAILGAFASARGTRWVATIAGLIGFVLSVATPLLPVVQTTAMLDWPQ
RGQLGSVTAPLISLTPVDFTATVPCDVVRAMPPAGGVVLGTAPKQGKDANLQALFVVVSA
QRVDVTDRNVVILSVPREQVTSPQCQRIEVTSTHAGTFANFVGLKDPSGAPLRSGFPDPN
LRPQIVGVFTDLTGPAPPGLAVSATIDTRFSTRPTTLKLLAIIGAIVATVVALIALWRLD
QLDGRGSIAQLLLRPFRPASSPGGMRRLIPASWRTFTLTDAVVIFGFLLWHVIGANSSDD
GYILGMARVADHAGYMSNYFRWFGSPEDPFGWYYNLLALMTHVSDASLWMRLPDLAAGLV
CWLLLSREVLPRLGPAVEASKPAYWAAAMVLLTAWMPFNNGLRPEGIIALGSLVTYVLIE
RSMRYSRLTPAALAVVTAAFTLGVQPTGLIAVAALVAGGRPMLRILVRRHRLVGTLPLVS
PMLAAGTVILTVVFADQTLSTVLEATRVRAKIGPSQAWYTENLRYYYLILPTVDGSLSRR
FGFLITALCLFTAVFIMLRRKRIPSVARGPAWRLMGVIFGTMFFLMFTPTKWVHHFGLFA
AVGAAMAALTTVLVSPSVLRWSRNRMAFLAALFFLLALCWATTNGWWYVSSYGVPFNSAM
PKIDGITVSTIFFALFAIAAGYAAWLHFAPRGAGEGRLIRALTTAPVPIVAGFMAAVFVA
SMVAGIVRQYPTYSNGWSNVRAFVGGCGLADDVLVEPDTNAGFMKPLDGDSGSWGPLGPL
GGVNPVGFTPNGVPEHTVAEAIVMKPNQPGTDYDWDAPTKLTSPGINGSTVPLPYGLDPA
RVPLAGTYTTGAQQQSTLVSAWYLLPKPDDGHPLVVVTAAGKIAGNSVLHGYTPGQTVVL
EYAMPGPGALVPAGRMVPDDLYGEQPKAWRNLRFARAKMPADAVAVRVVAEDLSLTPEDW
IAVTPPRVPDLRSLQEYVGSTQPVLLDWAVGLAFPCQQPMLHANGIAEIPKFRITPDYSA
KKLDTDTWEDGTNGGLLGITDLLLRAHVMATYLSRDWARDWGSLRKFDTLVDAPPAQLEL
GTATRSGLWSPGKIRIGP [Mycobacterium tuberculosis]
Targeted Disease Hansen disease; Staphylococcal infection; Tuberculosis
Drug Resistance Mutations
Mutation info Missense: Y319D [1], [2]
Mutation info Missense: Y333H [1], [2]
Target Name Bacterial DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit beta (rpoB) Target Info
Gene Name rpoB
Uniprot ID RPOB_MYCTU
Species Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Reference Sequence MLEGCILADSRQSKTAASPSPSRPQSSSNNSVPGAPNRVSFAKLREPLEVPGLLDVQTDS
FEWLIGSPRWRESAAERGDVNPVGGLEEVLYELSPIEDFSGSMSLSFSDPRFDDVKAPVD
ECKDKDMTYAAPLFVTAEFINNNTGEIKSQTVFMGDFPMMTEKGTFIINGTERVVVSQLV
RSPGVYFDETIDKSTDKTLHSVKVIPSRGAWLEFDVDKRDTVGVRIDRKRRQPVTVLLKA
LGWTSEQIVERFGFSEIMRSTLEKDNTVGTDEALLDIYRKLRPGEPPTKESAQTLLENLF
FKEKRYDLARVGRYKVNKKLGLHVGEPITSSTLTEEDVVATIEYLVRLHEGQTTMTVPGG
VEVPVETDDIDHFGNRRLRTVGELIQNQIRVGMSRMERVVRERMTTQDVEAITPQTLINI
RPVVAAIKEFFGTSQLSQFMDQNNPLSGLTHKRRLSALGPGGLSRERAGLEVRDVHPSHY
GRMCPIETPEGPNIGLIGSLSVYARVNPFGFIETPYRKVVDGVVSDEIVYLTADEEDRHV
VAQANSPIDADGRFVEPRVLVRRKAGEVEYVPSSEVDYMDVSPRQMVSVATAMIPFLEHD
DANRALMGANMQRQAVPLVRSEAPLVGTGMELRAAIDAGDVVVAEESGVIEEVSADYITV
MHDNGTRRTYRMRKFARSNHGTCANQCPIVDAGDRVEAGQVIADGPCTDDGEMALGKNLL
VAIMPWEGHNYEDAIILSNRLVEEDVLTSIHIEEHEIDARDTKLGAEEITRDIPNISDEV
LADLDERGIVRIGAEVRDGDILVGKVTPKGETELTPEERLLRAIFGEKAREVRDTSLKVP
HGESGKVIGIRVFSREDEDELPAGVNELVRVYVAQKRKISDGDKLAGRHGNKGVIGKILP
VEDMPFLADGTPVDIILNTHGVPRRMNIGQILETHLGWCAHSGWKVDAAKGVPDWAARLP
DELLEAQPNAIVSTPVFDGAQEAELQGLLSCTLPNRDGDVLVDADGKAMLFDGRSGEPFP
YPVTVGYMYIMKLHHLVDDKIHARSTGPYSMITQQPLGGKAQFGGQRFGEMECWAMQAYG
AAYTLQELLTIKSDDTVGRVKVYEAIVKGENIPEPGIPESFKVLLKELQSLCLNVEVLSS
DGAAIELREGEDEDLERAAANLGINLSRNESASVEDLA [Mycobacterium tuberc
ulosis]
Targeted Disease Hansen disease; Staphylococcal infection; Tuberculosis
Drug Resistance Mutations
Mutation info Missense: H526L [3]
Mutation Frequency 2% of the patients
Mutation info Missense: L533P [4], [5], [6]
Mutation Frequency 15 out of 258 isolates
Mutation info Missense: L533P [4], [5], [6]
Mutation Frequency 15 out of 258 isolates
Mutation info Missense: D516V [3], [6], [7]
Mutation Frequency 1% of the patients
Mutation info Missense: M515I [6], [7], [8]
Mutation info Missense: F505L [6], [9], [10]
Mutation Frequency 2 out of 41 isolates
Mutation info Missense: R528P [6], [11], [12]
Mutation info Missense: G507D [6], [13], [14]
Mutation Frequency 2 out of 46 isolates
Mutation info Missense: H526Q [3], [6], [15]
Mutation Frequency 1% of the isolates
Mutation info Missense: G523W [16], [17]
Mutation Frequency 37 out of 42 isolates
Mutation info Missense: D516N [18], [6]
Mutation info Missense: E504A [18], [6]
Mutation info Missense: I572F [19], [6]
Mutation info Missense: S522Q [19], [6]
Mutation info Missense: H526G [8], [6]
Mutation info Missense: H526T [8], [6]
Mutation info Missense: L521M [8], [6]
Mutation info Missense: S512R [8], [6]
Mutation info Missense: S531C [8], [6]
Mutation info Missense: V146F [20], [6]
Mutation info Missense: V146F [20], [6]
Mutation info Insertion: F514 [4], [3]
Mutation info Deletion: F514 [4], [3]
Mutation info Missense: E672D [21], [6]
Mutation info Missense: L571V [21], [6]
Mutation info Missense: K527N [11], [6]
Mutation info Missense: L511V [11], [6]
Mutation info Missense: N518T [11], [6]
Mutation info Missense: R528H [11], [6]
Mutation info Missense: Q490H [22], [6]
Mutation info Missense: H526N [23], [6]
Mutation info Missense: Q517L [7], [6]
Mutation info Missense: S512I [7], [6]
Mutation info Missense: N518I [24], [6]
Mutation info Missense: S531F [24], [6]
Mutation info Missense: S531F [24], [6]
Mutation info Missense: Q513R [25], [6]
Mutation Frequency 17 out of 840 isolates
Mutation info Missense: S522W [25], [6]
Mutation info Missense: D516G [26], [6]
Mutation info Missense: S509R [27], [6]
Mutation info Missense: F514L [28], [29]
Mutation Frequency 1 out of 39 isolates
Mutation info Missense: L538P [30], [6]
Mutation Frequency 101 out of 112 isolates in all rpoB mutations
Mutation info Missense: E541G [16], [31]
Mutation info Missense: H526S [31], [6]
Mutation Frequency 49 out of 54 isolates
Mutation info Missense: Q513E [31], [6]
Mutation Frequency 49 out of 54 isolates
Mutation info Missense: Q517H [32], [6]
Mutation Frequency 97 out of 148 isolates
Mutation info Missense: P564L [33], [6]
Mutation info Missense: P564L [33], [6]
Mutation info Missense: S509Q [12], [6]
Mutation info Missense: G507S [13], [6]
Mutation info Missense: H526F [13], [6]
Mutation info Missense: N519K [13], [6]
Mutation Frequency 2 out of 46 isolates
Mutation info Missense: H526P [15], [6]
Mutation info Missense: S522L [15], [6]
Mutation info Missense: S531W [15], [6]
Mutation info Missense: K527Q [34], [6]
Mutation Frequency 1 out of 110 isolates
Mutation info Missense: S531L [35], [6]
Mutation Frequency 1 out of 7 isolates
Mutation info Missense: H526D [3], [6]
Mutation Frequency 52 out of 128 isolates
Mutation info Missense: L511P [3], [6]
Mutation Frequency 3% of the isolates
Mutation info Missense: L511R [3], [6]
Mutation Frequency 2% of the patients
Mutation info Missense: Q513K [3], [6]
Mutation Frequency 1% of the isolates
Mutation info Deletion: Q517-N518 [24], [3]
Mutation info Missense: S512T [3], [6]
Mutation Frequency 1% of the isolates
Mutation info Missense: H526Y [3], [6]
Mutation Frequency 32% of the isolates
Mutation info Missense: H526Y [3], [6]
Mutation Frequency 32% of the isolates
Mutation info Missense: Q513L [3], [6]
Mutation Frequency 2% of the patients
Mutation info Missense: Q513L [3], [6]
Mutation Frequency 2% of the patients
Mutation info Missense: A381V [29], [6]
Mutation Frequency 1 out of 39 isolates
Mutation info Missense: L521P [29], [6]
Mutation Frequency 1 out of 39 isolates
Mutation info Missense: H526C [14], [6]
Mutation Frequency 2 out of 37 isolates
Mutation info Missense: H526R [14], [6]
Mutation Frequency 1 out of 37 isolates
Mutation info Missense: N518H [14], [6]
Mutation Frequency 1 out of 37 isolates
Mutation info Missense: Q513P [14], [6]
Mutation Frequency 2 out of 37 isolates
Mutation info Missense: Q513P [14], [6]
Mutation Frequency 2 out of 37 isolates
Mutation info Missense: T508S [36], [37]
Mutation info Missense: D516H [13], [6]
Mutation Frequency 3 out of 46 isolates
Mutation info Missense: D516Y [3], [6]
Mutation Frequency 2% of the patients
Mutation info Missense: S574L [38], [6]
Mutation Frequency 25 out of 38 isolates in all rpoB mutations
Mutation info Missense: S553A [16]
Mutation info Missense: T525I [16]
Mutation info Missense: D516A [8]
Mutation info Deletion: G507-T508 [8]
Mutation info Deletion: Q513-F514 [8]
Mutation info Missense: Q513-M516 > H [8]
Mutation info Missense: Q517-N519 > H [8]
Mutation info Missense: S531Q [8]
Mutation info Deletion: F514-D516 [4]
Mutation info Missense: F514V [4]
Mutation info Deletion: K527 [4]
Mutation info Missense: L524W [4]
Mutation info Deletion: M515-N518 [4]
Mutation info Missense: Q513H [4]
Mutation info Missense: T525P [4]
Mutation info Missense: I561T [21]
Mutation info Missense: R633C [21]
Mutation info Deletion: Q517 [36]
Mutation info Missense: P535S [39]
Mutation Frequency 4 out of 34 isolates
Mutation info Insertion: R515 [22]
Mutation info Missense: I561V [23]
Mutation info Missense: Q510H [7]
Mutation info Missense: L521L [25]
Mutation Frequency 2 out of 840 isolates
Mutation info Missense: D516F [26]
Mutation info Insertion: F515 [26]
Mutation info Missense: N518D [38]
Mutation Frequency 25 out of 38 isolates in all rpoB mutations
Mutation info Missense: S512G [38]
Mutation Frequency 25 out of 38 isolates in all rpoB mutations
Mutation info Missense: F505S [30]
Mutation info Nonsense: L538 STOP [30]
Mutation Frequency 101 out of 112 isolates in all rpoB mutations
Mutation info Missense: N518Y [30]
Mutation Frequency 101 out of 112 isolates in all rpoB mutations
Mutation info Missense: P535H [31]
Mutation info Missense: S622A [31]
Mutation info Missense: L545M [40]
Mutation Frequency 4 out of 14 isolates
Mutation info Missense: E562G [33]
Mutation info Missense: L524S [12]
Mutation info Missense: Q510K [12]
Mutation Frequency 59 out of 409 isolates
Mutation info Missense: G513N [13]
Mutation info Missense: G523A [13]
Mutation info Nonsense: Q513 STOP [13]
Mutation info Missense: T508A [13]
Mutation Frequency 35 out of 46 isolates
Mutation info Missense: T508H [13]
Mutation Frequency 35 out of 46 isolates
Mutation info Missense: T508P [13]
Mutation Frequency 35 out of 46 isolates
Mutation info Missense: S450L [41]
Mutation info Missense: S531Y [15]
Mutation info Missense: S509T [34]
Mutation Frequency 1 out of 110 isolates
Mutation info Deletion: N519 [10]
Mutation Frequency 2 out of 41 isolates
Mutation info Missense: D516E [3]
Mutation Frequency 2% of the patients
Mutation info Deletion: D516-Q517 [3]
Mutation info Insertion: FM513 [3]
Mutation info Missense: A473T [42]
Mutation info Missense: A477T [42]
Mutation info Missense: H481N [42]
Mutation info Missense: L466S [42]
Mutation info Missense: Q465R [42]
Mutation info Missense: Q468K [42]
Mutation info Missense: D516K [6]
Mutation info Missense: D516T [6]
Mutation info Missense: H526E [6]
Mutation info Missense: L511M [6]
Mutation info Missense: L533R [6]
Mutation info Missense: L538R [6]
Mutation info Missense: M515V [6]
Mutation info Missense: Q513D [6]
Mutation info Missense: R529C [6]
Mutation info Missense: R529Q [6]
Mutation info Missense: R529S [6]
Mutation info Missense: R687H [6]
Mutation info Missense: S456L [6]
Mutation info Missense: S531G [6]
Mutation info Missense: T563P [6]
Mutation info Missense: V472I [6]
Mutation info Missense: R484H + E517Q [43]
References
REF 1 Lack of correlation between embB mutation and ethambutol MIC in Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from China. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007 Dec;51(12):4515-7.
REF 2 Bioinformatics of antimicrobial resistance in the age of molecular epidemiology. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2015 Oct;27:45-50.
REF 3 Characterization by automated DNA sequencing of mutations in the gene (rpoB) encoding the RNA polymerase beta subunit in rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains from New York City and Texas. J Clin Microbiol. 1994 Apr;32(4):1095-8.
REF 4 Mutations in the rpoB gene of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Brazil. J Clin Microbiol. 2000 Aug;38(8):3119-22.
REF 5 Comparative antimycobacterial activities of rifampin, rifapentine, and KRM-1648 against a collection of rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates with known rpoB mutations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1996 Nov;40(11):2655-7.
REF 6 CARD 2017: expansion and model-centric curation of the comprehensive antibiotic resistance database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2017 Jan 4;45(D1):D566-D573.
REF 7 Molecular characterization of rifampin- and isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated in Poland. J Clin Microbiol. 2004 Jun;42(6):2425-31.
REF 8 Molecular genetic basis of antimicrobial agent resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: 1998 update. Tuber Lung Dis. 1998;79(1):3-29.
REF 9 In-depth molecular characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from New Delhi--predominance of drug resistant isolates of the 'modern' (TbD1) type. PLoS One. 2009;4(2):e4540.
REF 10 Implications of multidrug resistance for the future of short-course chemotherapy of tuberculosis: a molecular study. Lancet. 1994 Jul 30;344(8918):293-8.
REF 11 Molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from patients in North India. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002 Feb;46(2):443-50.
REF 12 Mutations in rpoB and katG genes in Mycobacterium isolates from the Southeast of Mexico. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2009 May;104(3):468-72.
REF 13 High-level rifampin resistance correlates with multiple mutations in the rpoB gene of pulmonary tuberculosis isolates from the Afghanistan border of Iran. J Clin Microbiol. 2009 Sep;47(9):2744-50.
REF 14 Mutations in the rpoB gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that interfere with PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis for rifampin susceptibility testing. J Clin Microbiol. 1997 Feb;35(2):492-4.
REF 15 Mutation position and type of substitution in the beta-subunit of the RNA polymerase influence in-vitro activity of rifamycins in rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1995 Feb;35(2):345-8.
REF 16 rpoB mutations in multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated in Italy. J Clin Microbiol. 1999 Apr;37(4):1197-9.
REF 17 Chronic cases of tuberculosis in Casablanca, Morocco. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2003 Jul;7(7):660-4.
REF 18 Universal pattern of RpoB gene mutations among multidrug-resistant isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex from Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 1999 Jul;3(7):620-6.
REF 19 Bacteriological and molecular analysis of rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated in Australia. J Clin Microbiol. 1999 Dec;37(12):3844-50.
REF 20 Mutations in the beginning of the rpoB gene can induce resistance to rifamycins in both Helicobacter pylori and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000 Apr;44(4):1075-7.
REF 21 Frequency of rpoB mutations inside and outside the cluster I region in rifampin-resistant clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. J Clin Microbiol. 2001 Jan;39(1):107-10.
REF 22 Characterization of rpoB mutations in rifampin-resistant clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Turkey by DNA sequencing and line probe assay. J Clin Microbiol. 2002 Dec;40(12):4435-8.
REF 23 Genotypic analysis of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Monterrey, Mexico. J Med Microbiol. 2004 Feb;53(Pt 2):107-13.
REF 24 Disequilibrium in distribution of resistance mutations among Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing and non-Beijing strains isolated from patients in Germany. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005 Mar;49(3):1229-31.
REF 25 Analysis of rpoB and pncA mutations in the published literature: an insight into the role of oxidative stress in Mycobacterium tuberculosis evolution J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005 May;55(5):674-9.
REF 26 Rifampicin and isoniazid resistance mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated from patients in Kazakhstan. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2005 Oct;9(10):1161-7.
REF 27 Detection of multidrug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2007 Jan;45(1):179-92.
REF 28 Association of specific mutations in katG, rpoB, rpsL and rrs genes with spoligotypes of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in... Clin Microbiol Infect. 2007 Jun;13(6):620-6.
REF 29 Rifampicin resistance and mutation of the rpoB gene in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1996 Oct 15;144(1):103-8.
REF 30 A newly identified 191A/C mutation in the Rv2629 gene that was significantly associated with rifampin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Proteome Res. 2007 Dec;6(12):4564-71.
REF 31 Distribution of rpoB mutations among multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDRTB) strains from Thailand and development of a rapid method for mutation detection. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2008 May;14(5):446-53.
REF 32 Identification of rifampin-resistant genotypes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis by PCR-reverse dot blot hybridization. Mol Biotechnol. 2009 Jan;41(1):1-7.
REF 33 Comparison of two commercial assays for the characterization of rpoB mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and description of new mutations conferring weak resistance to rifampicin. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009 Aug;64(2):259-62.
REF 34 Characterization of rifampin-resistance in pathogenic mycobacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1994 Oct;38(10):2380-6.
REF 35 Isolation of the gene for the beta subunit of RNA polymerase from rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis and identification of new mutations. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1994 Dec;11(6):639-43.
REF 36 Mutations in the rpoB gene of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from India. J Clin Microbiol. 2001 Aug;39(8):2987-90.
REF 37 Characterization of rpoB mutations in rifampin-resistant clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Greece. J Clin Microbiol. 1998 Jan;36(1):20-3.
REF 38 Genetic and phenotypic characterization of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in Hong Kong. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007 May;59(5):866-73.
REF 39 Mutations in the rpoB and katG genes leading to drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Latvia. J Clin Microbiol. 2002 Oct;40(10):3789-92.
REF 40 Genotypic analysis of isoniazid and rifampin resistance in drug-resistant clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates in southern Turkey. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2008 Jul;61(4):255-60.
REF 41 Longitudinal whole genome analysis of pre and post drug treatment Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates reveals progressive steps to drug resistance. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2016 May;98:50-5.
REF 42 The comprehensive antibiotic resistance database. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013 Jul;57(7):3348-57.
REF 43 Mutations in rpoB and fusA cause resistance to rifampicin and fusidic acid in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains from a tertiary hospital in Malaysia.Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg.2014 Feb;108(2):112-8.

If You Find Any Error in Data or Bug in Web Service, Please Kindly Report It to Dr. Zhou and Dr. Zhang.