Target Information

Target General Information

Top

Target ID

T29303 (Former ID: TTDS00155)

Target Name

Sodium channel unspecific (NaC)

Gene Name

NO-GeName

Target Type

Successful target

[1]

Disease

[+] 11 Target-related Diseases

Angina pectoris [ICD-11: BA40]

Bacterial infection [ICD-11: 1A00-1C4Z]

Corneal disease [ICD-11: 9A76-9A78]

Epilepsy/seizure [ICD-11: 8A61-8A6Z]

Epileptic encephalopathy [ICD-11: 8A62]

Genetic cardiac arrhythmia [ICD-11: BC65]

Migraine [ICD-11: 8A80]

Pain [ICD-11: MG30-MG3Z]

Postpartum haemorrhage [ICD-11: JA43]

Scabies [ICD-11: 1G04]

Sensation disturbance [ICD-11: MB40]

Function

Mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient.

Click to Show/Hide

UniProt ID

NOUNIPROTAC

Drugs and Modes of Action

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Approved Drug(s)

[+] 18 Approved Drugs

Benzocaine

Drug Info

Approved

Anaesthesia

[2]

Butacaine

Drug Info

Approved

Pain

[3]

Carbamazepine

Drug Info

Approved

Epilepsy

[4], [5]

Eslicarbazepine

Drug Info

Approved

Seizure disorder

[6], [7]

Levobupivacaine

Drug Info

Approved

Anaesthesia

[8], [9]

LIDOFLAZINE

Drug Info

Approved

Angina pectoris

[3]

LOMERIZINE

Drug Info

Approved

Migraine

[3], [10]

Mepivacaine

Drug Info

Approved

Analgesia

[3]

Oxybuprocaine

Drug Info

Approved

Anaesthesia

[11], [12]

Pachycarpine

Drug Info

Approved

Postpartum haemorrhage

[3]

Permethrin

Drug Info

Approved

Sarcoptes scabiei infection

[3], [13]

Phenacemide

Drug Info

Approved

Epilepsy

[14], [15]

Phenytoin

Drug Info

Approved

Epilepsy

[3]

Pilsicainide

Drug Info

Approved

Heart arrhythmia

[3]

Pirmenol

Drug Info

Approved

Heart arrhythmia

[3]

Rufinamide

Drug Info

Approved

Seizure disorder

[3], [16], [17]

Tetrodotoxin

Drug Info

Approved

Bacterial infection

[18], [19]

Zonisamide

Drug Info

Approved

Epilepsy

[20], [21]

Clinical Trial Drug(s)

[+] 16 Clinical Trial Drugs

Carisbamate

Drug Info

Phase 3

Seizure disorder

[22]

Ralfinamide

Drug Info

Phase 3

Neuropathic pain

[23]

ATI-2042

Drug Info

Phase 2

Atrial fibrillation

[24]

BN82451

Drug Info

Phase 2

Parkinson disease

[25]

COL-1077

Drug Info

Phase 2

Pain

[26]

Crobenetine

Drug Info

Phase 2

Pain

[27]

GSK2339345

Drug Info

Phase 2

Cough

[28]

HBI-3000

Drug Info

Phase 2

Heart arrhythmia

[29]

NS-7

Drug Info

Phase 2

Nerve injury

[30]

NW-3509

Drug Info

Phase 2

Schizophrenia

[31]

Phenylbutyrate

Drug Info

Phase 2

Urea cycle disorder

[32], [33]

SMP-986

Drug Info

Phase 2

Overactive bladder

[34]

P-552-02

Drug Info

Phase 1/2

Cystic fibrosis

[35], [36]

ADCI

Drug Info

Phase 1

Epileptic seizures

[37]

AZD-3161

Drug Info

Phase 1

Peripheral neuropathy

[38]

BDD-10103

Drug Info

Phase 1

Pain

[39]

Discontinued Drug(s)

[+] 33 Discontinued Drugs

LUBELUZOLE

Drug Info

Discontinued in Preregistration

Neurological disorder

[40]

Bidisomide

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 3

Heart arrhythmia

[41]

Licarbazepine

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 3

Bipolar disorder

[42]

4030W92

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 2

Pain

[43]

4991W93

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 2

Migraine

[44]

534U87

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 2

Epileptic seizures

[45]

Levosemotiadil

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 2

Cardiac arrhythmias

[46]

Org-7797

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 2

Cardiac arrhythmias

[47]

Pentisomide

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 2

Heart arrhythmia

[48]

Pyrazinoylguanidine

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 2

Diabetic complication

[49]

RSD-921

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 2

Anaesthesia

[50]

SILPERISONE HYDROCHLORIDE

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 2

Spasm

[51]

SIPATRIGINE

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 2

Neurological disorder

[52]

SOLPECAINOL HYDROCHLORIDE

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 2

Cardiac arrhythmias

[53]

AMELTOLIDE

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 1

Epileptic seizures

[54]

Artilide

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 1

Cardiac arrhythmias

[55]

AWD-140-190

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 1

Epileptic seizures

[56]

SL-90.0571

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 1

Epilepsy

[57]

A-76895

Drug Info

Terminated

Epilepsy

[58]

AM-66

Drug Info

Terminated

Pain

[59]

BDF-9148

Drug Info

Terminated

Cardiac failure

[60]

Berlafenone

Drug Info

Terminated

Heart arrhythmia

[61]

BW-1003C87

Drug Info

Terminated

Cerebrovascular ischaemia

[62]

DPI-201-106

Drug Info

Terminated

Cardiovascular disease

[63]

E-2070

Drug Info

Terminated

Neuropathic pain

[64]

GE-68

Drug Info

Terminated

Heart arrhythmia

[65]

R-59494

Drug Info

Terminated

Ischemia

[66]

Ralitoline

Drug Info

Terminated

Epilepsy

[67]

Recainam

Drug Info

Terminated

Heart arrhythmia

[68]

RP-66055

Drug Info

Terminated

Cerebral infarction

[69]

RS-2135

Drug Info

Terminated

Heart arrhythmia

[70]

SRSC-355

Drug Info

Terminated

Neuropathic pain

[71]

U-54494A

Drug Info

Terminated

Epilepsy

[72]

Mode of Action

[+] 5 Modes of Action

Blocker

[+] 20 Blocker drugs

Benzocaine

Drug Info

[73]

Eslicarbazepine

Drug Info

[22]

Levobupivacaine

Drug Info

[76]

Mepivacaine

Drug Info

[76]

Oxybuprocaine

Drug Info

[79]

Permethrin

Drug Info

[82]

Phenacemide

Drug Info

[83]

Phenytoin

Drug Info

[1]

Rufinamide

Drug Info

[86]

Zonisamide

Drug Info

[89]

Carisbamate

Drug Info

[22], [86], [90]

Ralfinamide

Drug Info

[23]

BN82451

Drug Info

[92]

NW-3509

Drug Info

[96]

Phenylbutyrate

Drug Info

[33]

P-552-02

Drug Info

[98]

Licarbazepine

Drug Info

[42]

AM-66

Drug Info

[116]

E-2070

Drug Info

[120]

Saxitoxin

Drug Info

[135]

Modulator

[+] 38 Modulator drugs

Butacaine

Drug Info

[3], [74]

Carbamazepine

Drug Info

[75]

Pachycarpine

Drug Info

[80], [81]

Pilsicainide

Drug Info

[3], [84]

Pirmenol

Drug Info

[3], [85]

GSK2339345

Drug Info

[95]

NS-7

Drug Info

[30]

ADCI

Drug Info

[37]

AZD-3161

Drug Info

[99]

BDD-10103

Drug Info

[100]

Bidisomide

Drug Info

[101]

4030W92

Drug Info

[102], [3]

4991W93

Drug Info

[103]

534U87

Drug Info

[104]

Levosemotiadil

Drug Info

[105]

Org-7797

Drug Info

[106]

Pentisomide

Drug Info

[107]

Pyrazinoylguanidine

Drug Info

[108]

RSD-921

Drug Info

[109]

SILPERISONE HYDROCHLORIDE

Drug Info

[110], [3]

SOLPECAINOL HYDROCHLORIDE

Drug Info

[111], [3]

AMELTOLIDE

Drug Info

[112], [3]

Artilide

Drug Info

[113], [3]

AWD-140-190

Drug Info

[114]

SL-90.0571

Drug Info

[115]

A-76895

Drug Info

[116]

BDF-9148

Drug Info

[117]

Berlafenone

Drug Info

[115]

BW-1003C87

Drug Info

[118]

DPI-201-106

Drug Info

[119]

GE-68

Drug Info

[121]

R-59494

Drug Info

[122]

Ralitoline

Drug Info

[123]

Recainam

Drug Info

[124]

RP-66055

Drug Info

[125]

RS-2135

Drug Info

[126]

SRSC-355

Drug Info

[127]

U-54494A

Drug Info

[128]

Inhibitor

[+] 21 Inhibitor drugs

LIDOFLAZINE

Drug Info

[77]

LOMERIZINE

Drug Info

[78]

HBI-3000

Drug Info

[88]

LUBELUZOLE

Drug Info

[78]

SIPATRIGINE

Drug Info

[78]

PD-85639

Drug Info

[78]

U-92032

Drug Info

[129]

2-(1-Pentyl-hexyl)-4-phenyl-1H-imidazole

Drug Info

[130]

2-Hexyl-4-(4-isobutyl-phenyl)-1H-imidazole

Drug Info

[130]

2-Hydroxy-2-phenyl-nonanoic acid amide

Drug Info

[131]

4-Biphenyl-4-yl-2-(1-pentyl-hexyl)-1H-imidazole

Drug Info

[130]

4-Biphenyl-4-yl-2-(1-propyl-butyl)-1H-imidazole

Drug Info

[130]

4-Biphenyl-4-yl-2-cyclohexylmethyl-1H-imidazole

Drug Info

[130]

4-Biphenyl-4-yl-2-hexyl-1H-imidazole

Drug Info

[130]

4-Biphenyl-4-yl-2-methyl-1H-imidazole

Drug Info

[130]

5-Ethyl-3-methyl-5-phenyl-oxazolidine-2,4-dione

Drug Info

[132]

5-Heptyl-5-phenyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione

Drug Info

[131]

5-Hexyl-5-phenyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione

Drug Info

[131]

5-Nonyl-5-phenyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione

Drug Info

[131]

BW-202W92

Drug Info

[133]

L-741742

Drug Info

[134]

Antagonist

[+] 4 Antagonist drugs

Tetrodotoxin

Drug Info

[87], [88]

COL-1077

Drug Info

[93]

Crobenetine

Drug Info

[94], [3]

SMP-986

Drug Info

[97]

Agonist

[+] 1 Agonist drugs

ATI-2042

Drug Info

[91]

Drug Property Profile of Target

Top

(1) Molecular Weight (mw) based Drug Clustering

(2) Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient (xlogp) based Drug Clustering

(3) Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor) based Drug Clustering

(4) Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc) based Drug Clustering

(5) Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds) based Drug Clustering

(6) Topological Polar Surface Area (polararea) based Drug Clustering

"RO5" indicates the cutoff set by lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in GREEN denotes the no violation of any cutoff in lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in PURPLE refers to the violation of only one cutoff in lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in BLACK represents the violation of more than one cutoffs in lipinski's rule of five

Co-Targets

Top

Co-Targets

Co-Targets Info

Target Profiles in Patients

Top

Target Expression
Profile (TEP)

Target Expression Profile Info

Target Affiliated Biological Pathways

Top

KEGG Pathway

[+] 1 KEGG Pathways

Dopaminergic synapse

Reactome

[+] 1 Reactome Pathways

Interaction between L1 and Ankyrins

Target-Related Models and Studies

Top

Target Validation

Target Validation Info

Target QSAR Model

References

Top

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Lacosamide: a new approach to target voltage-gated sodium currents in epileptic disorders. CNS Drugs. 2009;23(7):555-68.

REF 2

Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials with non-prescription medications for the treatment of obesity. Obes Res. 1999 Jul;7(4):370-8.

REF 3

Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015

REF 4

URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 5339).

REF 5

Thirty years of clinical experience with carbamazepine in the treatment of bipolar illness: principles and practice. CNS Drugs. 2007;21(1):47-71.

REF 6

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Radium 223 dichloride for prostate cancer treatment. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2017 Sep 6;11:2643-2651.

REF 8

REF 9

FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (NDA) 020997.

REF 10

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800002033)

REF 11

REF 12

Drug information of Oxybuprocaine, 2008. eduDrugs.

REF 13

FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (ANDA) 074806.

REF 14

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FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (NDA) 007707.

REF 16

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2008 FDA drug approvals. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2009 Feb;8(2):93-6.

REF 18

REF 19

Halothane attenuates the cerebroprotective action of several Na+ and Ca2+ channel blockers via reversal of their ion channel blockade. Eur J Pharmacol. 2002 Oct 4;452(2):175-81.

REF 20

REF 21

Use of second-generation antiepileptic drugs in the pediatric population. Paediatr Drugs. 2008;10(4):217-54.

REF 22

Progress report on new antiepileptic drugs: a summary of the Ninth Eilat Conference (EILAT IX). Epilepsy Res. 2009 Jan;83(1):1-43.

REF 23

Emerging drugs in neuropathic pain. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2007 Mar;12(1):113-26.

REF 24

ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00389792) Efficacy and Safety Study of an Antiarrhythmic Drug to Treat Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Pacemakers. U.S. National Institutes of Health.

REF 25

ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02231580) Study Exploring Safety, Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic of BN82451 in Male Huntington's Disease Patients. U.S. National Institutes of Health.

REF 26

ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02465320) COL-1077 (Lidocaine Bioadhesive Gel, 10%) in Women Undergoing Transvaginal Pipelle-Directed Endometrial Biopsy.

REF 27

ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02251197) Safety and Tolerability of BIII 890 in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke. U.S. National Institutes of Health.

REF 28

ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01899768) GSK2339345 Hypertussive Challenge Study. U.S. National Institutes of Health.

REF 29

ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01235156) Efficacy and Safety of Sulcardine Sulfate Tablets in Patients With Premature Ventricular Contractions. U.S. National Institutes of Health.

REF 30

Preferential inhibition by a novel Na(+)/Ca(2+) channel blocker NS-7 of severe to mild hypoxic injury in rat cerebrocortical slices: A possible involvement of a highly voltage-dependent blockade of Ca(2+) channel. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000 May;293(2):522-9.

REF 31

Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA)

REF 32

REF 33

Emerging disease-modifying therapies for the treatment of motor neuron disease/amyotropic lateral sclerosis. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2007 May;12(2):229-52.

REF 34

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800022820)

REF 35

REF 36

ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01369589) An Evaluation of the Impact of a Single Dose of P-552 on Oral Mucosal Wetness. U.S. National Institutes of Health.

REF 37

The anticonvulsant SGB-017 (ADCI) blocks voltage-gated sodium channels in rat and human neurons: comparison with carbamazepine. Epilepsia. 2000 Mar;41(3):263-70.

REF 38

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800033244)

REF 39

Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of Birds Pharma AG.

REF 40

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800005388)

REF 41

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800000174)

REF 42

Emerging drugs for bipolar disorder. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2006 Nov;11(4):621-34.

REF 43

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800006453)

REF 44

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800009029)

REF 45

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800006296)

REF 46

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800005516)

REF 47

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800000279)

REF 48

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800000271)

REF 49

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800002279)

REF 50

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800006443)

REF 51

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800002660)

REF 52

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800003904)

REF 53

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800003158)

REF 54

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800008003)

REF 55

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800002256)

REF 56

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800005495)

REF 57

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800002249)

REF 58

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800002237)

REF 59

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800019471)

REF 60

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800008457)

REF 61

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800000213)

REF 62

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800002740)

REF 63

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800000134)

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Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800019940)

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Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800001596)

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Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800002300)

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Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800003367)

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Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800000248)

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Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800003439)

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Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800001212)

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Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800018179)

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Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800002236)

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Electrostatic contributions of aromatic residues in the local anesthetic receptor of voltage-gated sodium channels. Circ Res. 2008 Jan 4;102(1):86-94.

REF 74

WO patent application no. 2008,0857,11, Synergy of sodium channel blockers and calcium channel blockers.

REF 75

Sidedness of carbamazepine accessibility to voltage-gated sodium channels. Mol Pharmacol. 2014 Feb;85(2):381-7.

REF 76

Block of neuronal tetrodotoxin-resistant Na+ currents by stereoisomers of piperidine local anesthetics. Anesth Analg. 2000 Dec;91(6):1499-505.

REF 77

Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of phenylacetamides as sodium-channel blockers. J Med Chem. 1994 Jan 21;37(2):268-74.

REF 78

Medicinal chemistry of neuronal voltage-gated sodium channel blockers. J Med Chem. 2001 Jan 18;44(2):115-37.

REF 79

Intrathecal oxybuprocaine and proxymetacaine produced potent and long-lasting spinal anesthesia in rats. Neurosci Lett. 2009 May 1;454(3):249-53.

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Medicinal plants in therapy. Bull World Health Organ. 1985;63(6):965-81.

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The role of weeds as sources of pharmaceuticals. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004 Jun;92(2-3):163-6.

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In vitro assays for repellents and deterrents for ticks: differing effects of products when tested with attractant or arrestment stimuli. Med Vet Entomol. 2003 Dec;17(4):370-8.

REF 83

How many drug targets are there Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6.

REF 84

A sodium channel blocker, pilsicainide, produces atrial post-repolarization refractoriness through the reduction of sodium channel availability. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2011;225(1):35-42.

REF 85

Pirmenol, a new antiarrhythmic drug with potassium- and sodium-channel blocking activity; a voltage-clamp study in rabbit Purkinje fibres. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1990 May;341(5):462-71.

REF 86

Emerging drugs for epilepsy. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2007 Sep;12(3):407-22.

REF 87

Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA)

REF 88

Antibodies and venom peptides: new modalities for ion channels. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2019 May;18(5):339-357.

REF 89

Antiepileptic drugs and relapse after epilepsy surgery. Epileptic Disord. 2008 Sep;10(3):193-8.

REF 90

Pharmacological management of epilepsy: recent advances and future prospects. Drugs. 2008;68(14):1925-39.

REF 91

Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA)

REF 92

Emerging drug therapies in Huntington's disease. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2009 Jun;14(2):273-97.

REF 93

Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of Columbia Laboratories.

REF 94

Analgesic activity of a novel use-dependent sodium channel blocker, crobenetine, in mono-arthritic rats. Br J Pharmacol. 2001 Dec;134(8):1742-8.

REF 95

ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01494636) The Safety, Tolerability, PK and PD of GSK2339345 in Healthy Subjects. U.S. National Institutes of Health.

REF 96

Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of Newron.

REF 97

DUAL INHIBITION OF Na+-CHANNEL AND MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS BY SMP-986 EFFICIENTLY IMPROVED VOIDING FUNCTION COMPARED TO ANTI-MUSCARINIC AGENTS IN TWO CONSCIOUS RAT MODELS OF DETRUSOR OVERACTIVITY. The Journal of Urology Volume 179, Issue 4, Supplement, April 2008, Pages 129.

REF 98

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